征地对农民生活水平的影响评价——基于重庆市永川区的调研

研究目的：探索征地对农民生活水平的影响,以期为完善征地补偿机制和拓展安置途径等提供理论基础和决策参考,推动新一轮征地制度改革试点工作。研究方法：通过对重庆市永川区312户失地农户的实地走访以及321份问卷调查取得研究所需数据,分析方法采用模糊综合评判法。研究结果：（1）单因素评判结果显示,征地后66.85%的农民收入水平下降,77.11%的农民认为社会保障制度不太完善或不完善,63.72%的农民发展空间狭小,63.42%的农民对征地的满意程度不高;（2）综合评判结果显示,征地后保持原有生活水平的农户占43.50%,生活水平下降的农民占32.74%,生活水平提高的农民仅占23.89%。研究结论：征地后虽然保持原有生活水平的农户占比重较大,但由于征地产生的收入水平下降,同时农民因为年龄和文化程度而导致的发展空间的狭小以及城乡分割的二元社会保障机制的影响,仍然有近1/3的农民生活水平下降。有效解决这一问题的途径在于提高征地补偿标准、完善征地补偿机制和社会保障机制的同时,加强对农民的职业培训,拓宽农民的就业途径和收入来源。     

我国居民肉类消费特征及趋势判断——基于双对数线性支出模型和LA/AIDS模型

为分析我国城乡居民肉类消费水平及其结构特征,判断居民肉类消费的未来趋势,基于FAO和统计年鉴等相关统计数据,运用双对数线性支出模型和LA/AIDS模型(Linear approximated/Almost ideal deal demand system模型),测算我国及城乡居民肉类消费需求的价格弹性和收入弹性。结果显示我国居民肉类消费量不断增加,且城乡居民肉类消费差距逐步缩小。居民对牛羊肉需求的收入弹性最大,禽肉次之,猪肉最小。其中,农村居民对各项肉类消费需求的收入弹性均显著高于城镇。我国居民的牛羊肉需求对自身价格及其他肉类价格变动较敏感,猪肉需求对自身价格与其他肉类价格变动敏感度较低。由此推断,未来我国居民对牛羊肉消费将呈波动增长态势,而对猪肉的消费呈缓慢增长,但消费量趋于稳定。     

重庆市典型村镇生活垃圾污染源特点及收运体系对比研究

针对重庆市村镇严峻的生态环境,为有效地处理生活垃圾,减少环境污染,选取3类典型的村镇,通过走访调查、实地采样、实验室检测等方法,对重庆市3类典型村镇生活垃圾特点、成分因素进行了分析,对不同村镇类型的收运体系进行了探讨。通过调查研究,结果发现,3类村镇生活垃圾在产量、成分上差异较大。传统村镇以灰土竹木垃圾为主,占40.22%,其次是人畜粪便,占12.07%,可回收及有害垃圾含量较少;城乡统筹村镇以砖瓦、灰土为主,两者占到了39.11%,其次是厨余类和橡塑类分别占15.90%和12.05%;旅游型村镇以厨余类为主,占28.60%,其次是塑料类和砖瓦类分别占14.95%和14.90%。在此基础上,提出针对3类村镇垃圾源头分类的方法和收运模式,希望能为重庆村镇生活垃圾的规范处理提供支持。     

我国农村人居环境研究现状、热点与趋势——基于中国知网数据库的CiteSpace可视化分析

以中国知网数据库2004—2022年国内农村人居环境为主题的984篇期刊文献为研究样本,运用可视化分析软件CiteSpace 6.1.R6进行分析。研究结果表明,当前我国农村人居环境研究的系统性、深入性等略显薄弱,未来一段时期需要持续在经验总结、城乡融合、完善机制等方面进行更深层次的研究,力求在多学科交叉基础上有所创新与突破,以推动我国农村人居环境领域研究向纵深发展。     

林业有害生物基层监测网络的建设与管理

本文通过对达县国家级森林病虫害中心测报点的监测网络体系及其管理方法的分析,对有关林业有害生物基层监测网络建设与管理等问题进行了阐述。     

Changing how we approach fisheries: A first attempt at an operational framework for ecosystem approaches to fisheries management

The increasing need to account for the many factors that influence fish population dynamics, particularly those external to the population, has led to repeated calls for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). Yet systematically and clearly addressing these factors, and hence implementing EAFM, has suffered from a lack of clear operational guidance. Here, we propose 13 main factors (shift in location, migration route or timing, overfishing (three types), decrease in physiology, increase in predation, increase in competition, decrease in prey availability, increase in disease or parasites and a decline in habitat quality or habitat quantity) that can negatively influence fish populations via mechanisms readily observable in ~20 population features. Using these features as part of a diagnostic framework, we develop flow charts that link probable mechanism(s) underlying population change to the most judicious management actions. We then apply the framework for example case studies that have well‐known and documented population dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide a clearly defined matrix of all the probable responses to the most common factors influencing fish populations, and to examine possible diagnostics simultaneously, comparatively and relatively in an attempt to elucidate the most probable mechanisms responsible. The framework we propose aims to operationalize EAFM, thereby not only better diagnosing factors influencing fish populations, but also suggesting the most appropriate management interventions, and ultimately leading to improved fisheries. We assert the framework proposed should result in both better use of limited analytical and observational resources and more tailored and effective management actions.     

从《全唐诗》稻作诗句看唐代农民生活

封建社会,我国是一个以农业为主要生产部门的国家,农民是主要的生产者,水稻和小麦为主要粮食作物。有唐一代,封建经济发展到了一个相当高的水平。这与农民的辛勤劳动有密不可分的直接关系。唐代诗人留下了许多关于农民辛勤劳作的诗句。拙文即以《全唐诗》中的稻作诗句为主,简要     

红檵木的花器构造与花粉生活力的研究

通过对红檵木花器构造和花粉形态观察，并测定其花粉粒的形态、可染率和萌发率。结果表明：花药开裂第1天的花粉生活力与第2d、第3d相比差异显著。花粉管萌发的适宜pH值为6．0-6．5。     

加强高校档案管理 为小康社会建设服务

档案管理工作作为学校管理工作的组成部分,必须与学校的改革与发展同步,高校档案馆(室)的重要使命就是开发档案信息资源,不断开创学校档案工作科学化、规范化及制度化的新局面,为小康社会建设服务。     

Energy expenditure in Awassi sheep grazing wheat stubble in the northern Negev Desert of Israel

In semi-arid Mediterranean areas, small grain aftermath stubble represents an important summer source of food for grazing flocks of small ruminants. Wheat stubble is a mediocre source of forage and flocks are grazed in summer under harsh conditions of temperature and air dustiness. However, stubble grazing procedures are changing, water and shading are more frequently available between grazing sessions (“improved management”), and the biological soundness of this ancestral practice needs to be re-visited. The present study was aimed at evaluating the cost in energy of “improved” wheat stubble grazing, compared with feeding a similar diet indoors. The intake of stubble was first quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated in Awassi sheep. Ewes consumed daily 980 ± 100 g day^− 1 of wheat stubble. Ewes were then housed and fed diets consisting of wheat hay, straw and grain formulated to be iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous to diets consumed from wheat stubble. The average intake of ME was similar during the confinement and the pasture periods (6.4 ± 0.5 and 7.6 ± 0.8 MJ day^− 1of ME, respectively). During 2 days of each period, animals were fitted with external electrodes and data loggers of heart rate and skin temperature. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated from oxygen consumption estimated as the product of heart beats rate measured for the two days by the amount of oxygen delivered to body tissues at each heart beat (O₂ pulse). The O₂ pulse was determined by simultaneously measurement of oxygen consumption and HR twice daily on two occasions, while grazing stubble and indoors. Energy expenditure and energy balance were not different in sheep while grazing wheat stubble (11.1 and − 3.5 MJ day^− 1) or fed indoors (11.1 and − 4.8 MJ day^− 1). Our data show that stubble did not cover nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance, and that the cost of summer stubble grazing carried out under conditions described here is less than thought before.