Monitoring forage production for farmers’ decision making

Objective management of grazing livestock production systems needs monitoring of forage production at the managerial unit level. Our objectives were to develop a system that routinely estimates forage above-ground net primary production (ANPP) at the spatial and temporal resolution required by farmers in the Pampas of Argentina, and to facilitate adoption of the system by end users as a managerial support tool. Our approach was based on the radiation use efficiency (RUE) logic, which proposes that ANPP is determined by the amount of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy (APAR), and the efficiency with which that energy is transformed in above-ground dry matter (radiation use efficiency, RUE). APAR is the product of incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the fraction absorbed by the canopy (fPAR). We estimated fPAR as a non-linear function of MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). RUE was empirically estimated for the two principal forage resources of the region, yielding the following relations: ANPP = 0.6 × APAR + 12, (R² = 0.86; p < 0.001; n = 18) for the upland sown pastures, and ANPP = 0.27 × APAR + 26, (R² = 0.74; p < 0.001; n = 18) for the lowland naturalized pastures, with ANPP in g/m²/60 days and APAR in MJ/m²/60 days. The models were able to predict independent ANPP values with acceptable accuracy. Computational procedures were automated and run in a Relational Data Base Manager System that stored and managed all the information. The system is currently monitoring 212,794 ha in 83 farms and provides monthly ANPP values for the previous month and a history of the last 6 years. The data so generated show ANPP differences between the two major forage resources, considerable variability of a given month’s ANPP among years and paddocks, and contrasting among-farm differences in the efficiency of conversion of ANPP and forage supplements into beef production. The system was well accepted by end users who utilize it mainly for making near real time decisions according to last month ANPP, and explaining results of previous production cycles by incorporating ANPP as an explicative variable. However, there were differences among farmers in the degree of utilization, apparently related to the advisor’s attitude toward this new technology. Our results indicate that (1) forage production of large extensions can be monthly monitored at the paddock level by a small laboratory with capabilities in geographic information systems, and (2) advisors and farmers apply this information to their managerial decisions.     

基于物联网Android平台的远程智能节水灌溉系统

针对农业灌溉中的水资源浪费问题和灌溉远程控制问题,对物联网相关技术进行研究,设计了基于物联网Android平台的农业远程智能节水灌溉系统,实现了对多传感器节点(空气温湿度、光照、土壤湿度、电磁阀、变频器等)远程采集和控制,以及对多个控制器节点的远程监测与控制。系统不受时间地域限制,用户可以通过Android移动终端实现对智能节水灌溉系统的监测和控制。系统采用CC2 5 3 0作为无线传感器芯片、OK6 4 1 0作为控制器节点芯片。实测结果验证了该设计的可行性和有效性,可为远程智能节水灌溉提供平台支持,能够满足农业节水灌溉的需要。     

Remote sensing of biotic and abiotic stress for irrigation management of cotton

The applicability of commercially available remote sensing instrumentation was evaluated for site-specific management of abiotic and biotic stress on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown under a center pivot low energy precision application (LEPA) irrigation system. This study was conducted in a field where three irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, and 50% ET_c) were imposed on areas of Phymatotrichum (root rot) with the specific objectives to (1) examine commercial remote sensing instrumentation for locating areas showing biotic and abiotic stress symptomology in a cotton field, (2) compare data obtained from commercial aerial infrared photography to that collected by infrared transducers (IRTs) mounted on a center pivot, (3) evaluate canopy temperature changes between irrigation regimes and their relationship to lint yield with IRTs and/or IR photography, and (4) explore the use of deficit irrigation and the use of crop coefficients for irrigation scheduling. Pivot-mounted IRTs and an IR camera were able to differentiate water stress among irrigation regimes. The IR camera distinguished between biotic (root rot) and abiotic (drought) stress with the assistance of groundtruthing. The 50% ET_c regime had significantly higher canopy temperatures than the other two regimes, which was reflected in significantly lower lint yields when compared to the 75% and 100% ET_c regimes. Deficit irrigation down to 75% ET_c had no impact on lint yield, indicating that water savings were possible without reducing yield.     

Review on estimation of evapotranspiration from remote sensing data: From empirical to numerical modeling approaches

Different methods have been developed to estimate evapotranspiration from remote sensing data, from empirical approaches such as the simplified relationship to complex methods based on remote sensing data assimilation along with SVAT models. The simplified relationship has been applied from small spatial scale using airborne TIR images to continental scale with NOAA data. Assimilation procedures often require remote sensing data over different spectral domains to retrieve input parameters which characterize surface properties such as albedo, emissivity or Leaf Area Index. A brief review of these different approaches is presented, with a discussion about the main physical bases and assumptions of various models. The paper reports also some examples and results obtained over the experimental area of the Alpilles Reseda project, where various types of models have been applied to estimate surface fluxes from remote sensing data.     

Diagnosis of regional evaporation by remote sensing to support irrigation performance assessment

The success of water management in large irrigation schemes with composites of soil, crop, wetness and micro-meteorological conditions is difficult to quantify. Performance assessment indicators, being among others a function of evaporation, are useful tools to evaluate the actual functioning of an irrigation system. The inevitable spatial variability of evaporation in large irrigation schemes makes its determination with conventional point measurements almost impossible. A new remote sensing evaporation parameterization algorithm has been tested with high resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper data for the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. Although the implementation of such an algorithm requires assumptions to be made, the current case study shows that these assumptions do not hamper the estimation of actual and potential evaporation at regional scale. The actual evaporation has been used to express the uniformity of crop water use which is related to the equity of irrigation water distribution. The coefficient of variance in actual evaporation between 53 differenent irrigation districts is 10% on average. The relative evaporation was considered to determine whether the crop was adequately irrigated. The relative evaporation was more than 75% for 48 out of 53 irrigation districts. It is concluded, that improved information on actual crop growth conditions through remote sensing provides an essential insight into the planning of real-time and seasonal irrigation water deliveries.     

EMC单片机技术在粮仓库门控制系统中的应用

介绍了一种基于EMC单片机的粮仓库门自动控制系统.该系统分为红外遥控和接收两部分,其中红外遥控部分通过EM78P153控制红外无线遥控器发射指令信号,而红外接收部分通过接收模块接收到信号后由EM78P447来控制粮仓库门的开、关、停、限位和夜间自动点灯.系统结构简单,功能齐全,具有低成本、低功耗和可靠性高等特点.     

An entropy approach to spatial disaggregation of agricultural production

While agricultural production statistics are reported on a geopolitical – often national – basis we often need to know the status of production or productivity within specific sub-regions, watersheds, or agroecological zones. Such re-aggregations are typically made using expert judgments or simple area-weighting rules. We describe a new, entropy-based approach to making spatially disaggregated assessments of the distribution of crop production. Using this approach, tabular crop production statistics are blended judiciously with an array of other secondary data to assess the production of specific crops within individual ‘pixels’ – typically 25–100 square kilometers in size. The information utilized includes crop production statistics, farming system characteristics, satellite-derived land cover data, biophysical crop suitability assessments, and population density. An application is presented in which Brazilian state level production statistics are used to generate pixel level crop production data for eight crops. To validate the spatial allocation we aggregated the pixel estimates to obtain synthetic estimates of municipality level production in Brazil, and compared those estimates with actual municipality statistics. The approach produced extremely promising results. We then examined the robustness of these results compared to short-cut approaches to allocating crop production statistics and showed that, while computationally intensive, the cross-entropy method does provide more reliable estimates of crop production patterns.     

基于多源数据融合的盐分遥感反演与季节差异性研究

为提高多光谱盐分遥感反演的精度,利用实测高光谱与多光谱进行数据融合,并分析了不同季节盐分遥感的差异性。以河套灌区永济灌域为研究区域,以实测光谱仪测定的土壤高光谱数据和Landsat-8 OLI多光谱数据为基础,通过光谱变换和多元逐步回归方法筛选特征波段和特征光谱指数,构建了春、秋两季土壤盐分多光谱、高光谱反演模型,并利用特征光谱指数的线性回归构建了高-多光谱数据融合反演模型。结果表明:高光谱的反射率总体比多光谱高36. 83%,春季反射率比秋季平均高23. 78%。利用模型中最优变量-特征光谱指数对多光谱模型与高光谱模型进行融合,高-多光谱融合反演模型训练集和验证集R2平均值分别为0. 651和0. 635,RMSE平均值分别为2. 44 g/kg和2. 49 g/kg,精度明显高于对应的多光谱反演模型,其中训练集、验证集的R2平均值分别提高了36. 19%和35. 64%,RMSE平均值分别降低了34. 28%和41. 72%。春季多光谱、高光谱和融合反演模型的精度均高于秋季,其中训练集R2平均值比秋季模型分别提高了6. 03%、6. 05%和4. 40%,验证集R2平均值分别提高了19. 07%、12. 21%和1. 75%。构建的高-多光谱融合模型反演灌域春秋两季平均盐分含量分别为6. 05、5. 97 g/kg,平均相对误差分别为9. 65%和10. 68%,总体上该区域春季土壤主要为重盐化土,秋季土壤主要为中盐化土。     

辽西地区引种野杏数量性状研究

以辽西地区26个野杏无性系为试材,采用变异性分析、方差分析以及主成分分析等方法,研究了其25个数量性状的变异特点,以期为野杏无性系的遗传多样性研究和良种选育提供重要参考依据。结果表明:19个数量性状呈正态分布;25个野杏无性系数量性状变异系数均值23%,其中22个数量性状的变异系数在10%以上,小枝长度变异系数最大,达64%,单果质量、单核质量、单仁质量的变异系数分别为24%、21%和18%,表明野杏无性系数量性状变异程度丰富,选择潜力较大。野杏无性系果实性状重复力普遍偏高,核仁主要性状重复力次之,树体主要数量性状重复力较二者偏低,均达到极显著水平;果核仁性状的重复力除单果质量、单核质量和仁厚分别为0.634、0.756和0.624外,其它指标皆在0.909以上,其中仁长重复力最高,达0.973。主成分分析结果表明,前6个主成分累积贡献率达83.50%,能够反映野杏无性系数量性状的大部分信息;其中第1主成分主要反映野杏果核仁等经济性状。     

网络环境下高校医学文献检索课的教学改革

从课程目标重新定位、调整教学大纲和教学理念、编制统一教材、将数据库共同点概括纳入绪论、将多数检索工具及数据库的相同或相似的检索途径、文献下载方式在绪论中总结概括等方面,论述了网络环境下医学文献检索课教学模式的改革,提出了增设信息分析和主题标引章节等教材内容及采取启发式、互动式、分层次教学方式。