Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars

The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g^?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m^?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g^?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m^?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.     

竖壁贴附送风改善冷藏库内流场特性

果蔬贮藏期间,冷藏库内的气流分布是影响果蔬贮藏品质和送风能量利用率的关键因素,合理的气流组织对冷藏库内流场分布是至关重要的。该研究以某苹果冷藏库为研究对象,采用竖壁贴附送风方式,并对其流场建立了三维稳态的SST湍流模型来研究库内流场的分布特性以及货物的冷却效果,同时与传统的冷风机直吹送风的流场特性进行了对比。结果表明：在相同送风量下,相比冷风机直吹送风方式,竖壁贴附送风使得库内温度不均匀系数和速度不均匀系数分别降低了31%和47%。而且竖壁贴附送风使库内空气与货物的换热更加充分,进而使得送风的能量利用率提高了19%。因此,竖壁贴附送风方式应用于冷藏库是一种有效且节能的气流组织方式。     

不同规格生态沟渠对排水中污染物的处理能力之比较研究

利用三种不同深度规格的生态沟渠（E_0.80、E_1.05和E_1.30）,通过控制相同的表面水力负荷,比较研究了动态进水（TN 0.86~6.13 mg?L^-1、TP 0.11~0.28 mg?L^-1）条件下生态沟渠对农业面源主要污染物的去除效果,同时考察其耐冲击负荷能力和适宜建造长度。结果表明：整个试验期间,三种不同深度规格的生态沟渠对铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和悬浮物（SS）的去除率均达到50%以上,其中E_1.30对污染物的去除效率较高,NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP和SS的总平均去除率分别为64.8%、63.1%、71.8%和60.8%。同时,E_1.30的污染物出水浓度较为稳定,耐冲击负荷能力相对较强。进水浓度较高情况下,E_1.30在TN、TP出水浓度为2 mg?L^-1和0.2 mg?L^-1时所需长度分别为27.4 m和4.9 m,为三种规格生态沟渠中最短。表明生态沟渠是有效去除农业面源污染物的技术,在实际应用中可因地制宜地建设E_1.30规格的生态沟渠,并可辅以高效吸附氮磷材料等其他措施,进一步提高生态沟渠对农业面源污染物的去除能力。     

离心泵内部流动时序效应的CFD计算

为了研究导叶时序效应对离心泵性能的影响,采用CFD方法对设计流量工况下导叶不同时序位置时离心泵内部流动进行了数值计算,定义导叶叶片尾缘与隔舌夹角为0时为时序位置0,每增加10°增加一个时序位置。得到了泵内外特性随时序位置不同的变化规律,并分析了不同时序位置对隔舌处压力脉动及叶轮径向力非定常特性的影响。结果表明：随着导叶时序位置的增加,泵扬程和效率呈先上升后下降的趋势,导叶与隔舌相对位置在20°时达到最大值,扬程较最低值提高0.6 m;时序效应对隔舌处1倍和2倍叶片通过频率影响最大,且随时序位置的增加,主频和压力脉动幅值呈先减小后增加的趋势,时序位置1时幅值为4时的70%;导叶时序位置的改变主要影响泵底座-出口方向叶轮径向力分量。研究结果为离心泵径向导叶设计提供参考。     

辽宁地区两种菊科入侵植物与本地植物光合特性比较

为明确外来植物生理生态学性状及其与其强入侵性的关系,本研究采用野外原位气体交换参数测定的方法,分析了菊科入侵植物豚草、三裂叶豚草与其共生本地植物紫菀光合特性和叶片性状的差异。结果表明,豚草、三裂叶豚草、紫菀3种植物的光饱和点(LSP)均高于800μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),且两种入侵植物的LSP显著高于紫菀,表观量子效率(AQY)则显著低于紫菀;3种植物的最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))大小顺序为豚草三裂叶豚草紫菀,其中,豚草和三裂叶豚草的P_(nmax)分别比紫菀高出151.28%、82.80%,且差异显著。两种入侵植物的比叶面积(SLA)、叶片的单位质量氮含量(N_(mass))、叶片单位质量磷含量(P_(mass))、光合能量利用效率(PEUE)、光合氮利用效率(PNUE)均显著高于紫菀,但3者叶片单位质量建成成本(CC_(_(mass)))差异不显著。综上所述,辽宁的两种菊科入侵植物相对于本地共生种来说有着较高的气体交换参数和叶片特性指标,且其光合特性和叶片特性也存在着密切的联系,表现在这些菊科入侵植物有着更高的P_(nmax)、PNUE、PEUE和水分利用效率(WUE)等光合特性指标和能量利用指标,使得入侵植物能够更有效地捕获和利用环境资源,成为其得以成功入侵的原因之一。     

覆膜和露地旱作春玉米生长与蒸散动态比较

利用土壤水分传感器、微型蒸渗仪与涡度相关系统,连续监测覆膜和露地春玉米田土壤水分、蒸发和农田蒸散,分析春玉米田蒸散与土壤蒸发变化规律,探讨了覆膜玉米高产节水增效的机理。结果表明:与露地相比,覆膜的表层土壤温度和体积含水率分别提高4.9%和19.5%。覆膜、露地处理玉米出苗率分别为99.0%和80.0%,其差异为显著水平,覆膜提早春玉米各生育阶段平均为7d,全生育期缩短11d。生育前期、中期,覆膜的叶面积指数、株高和地上、地下干物质均显著高于露地的,播种一个月后差异最大,分别高110.2%、13.5%、42.9%和12.7%。玉米拔节期前(6月前)和8月后至玉米成熟,覆膜的农田蒸散量分别比露地的低6.8%和0.4%,但6-8月覆膜的比露地的高5.1%。全生育期覆膜的农田蒸散量为376.2mm,降低了6.0%,且土壤蒸发降低了57.7%。最终单株平均果穗质量、生物量差异不显著。但是,由于覆膜显著提高了出苗率从而增加了单位面积生物产量和经济产量,增幅分别为23.7%和15.3%。同时,覆膜作物水分利用效率提高了22.6%,达到31.3kg/(hm2·mm)。可见,覆膜能显著降低土壤蒸发和农田总蒸散量;保水增温促出苗,提前玉米各生育期;生育中期日蒸散量和干物质积累速率较高;最终显著提高单位面积生物产量和经济产量以及作物水分利用效率。     

不同磷效率油菜根际土壤磷活化机理研究

筛选和培育耐低磷植物是缓解磷矿资源缺乏和提高磷肥利用效率的有效途径之一。本研究在前期材料筛选的基础上,通过根箱试验研究不同磷效率油菜根际土壤磷活化机理,其结果如下:在施磷和不施磷处理条件下,磷高效油菜品种B56（HG）的吸磷量和生物量均高于磷低效品种B10（LG）;两油菜品种根际土壤中的NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po和 NaOH-Pi,NaOH-Po四种磷素形态均有显著的亏缺现象;磷高效品种（HG）根际土壤上述四种磷素形态亏缺程度大于磷低效品种（LG）,但Resin-P则出现富集,并且HG的富集程度大于LG,这可能与HG具有较高吸磷能力有关。两油菜品种根际土壤HCl-Pi 和 残渣态磷（Residual-P）没有发生明显的亏缺现象。相比较而言,HG能分泌更多的酸性磷酸酶,该酶活性与NaHCO3-Po含量呈显著的负相关,说明酸性磷酸酶对有机磷矿化起着非常重要的作用。     

Soil Phosphorous Status and Phosphorus Cycling as Influenced by Soybean Genotypes on an Acidic Low-Phosphorus Soil of Southern China

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability is the primary limiting factor to soybean production in southern China. Field experiments with P-efficient (BX10 and BX11) and P-inefficient (BD2 and GD3) soybean genotypes were conducted to study the effects of soybean cultivation on P status and budget. The results showed that after four seasons of cultivation (2003–5), zero application of P resulted in a decrease of soil-available P and total P but high-P (80 kg ha^?1) treatment resulted in an increase; there were no significant differences among genotypes. All genotypes had deficit of P under zero application of P, P-efficient genotypes had a larger deficit, and there was significant difference between BX10 and BD2. There was surplus P under high-P application, but there were no significant differences among soybean genotypes. These findings imply that it is necessary to apply P fertilizer for P-efficient genotypes although they can better adapt to low-P soil.     

Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Upland Rice under Two Nitrogen Sources

Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limiting nutrients in upland rice production in Brazil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate N uptake and use efficiency as influenced by N sources. The soil used in the experiment was an Oxisol. The N sources were ammonium sulfate and urea, and N rates were 0, 50, 100, 150, 300, and 400 mg kg^?1 of soil. Nitrogen concentrations in the root, shoot, and grain were significantly influenced by N sources. The N rate and N source significantly influenced the N uptake in root, shoot, and grain. Similarly, nitrogen rate by N source interaction was also significant for N uptake in the root, shoot, and grain, indicating N source has a significant influence on uptake of N. Overall, concentration (content per unit dry weight) of N was greater in the grain, followed by root and shoot. Agronomical efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency, and utilization efficiency of N were significantly influenced by N rate and varied with N sources. However, physiological and agrophysiological efficiencies were only influenced significantly by N sources. Overall, N recovery efficiency was 33% for ammonium sulfate and 37% for urea. Hence, the large amount of N lost from soil–plant system may be by denitrification or voltilization.     

密度、氮肥互作对旱砂田西瓜产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探明旱砂田西瓜产量、品质及氮肥利用率同步提高的最佳施氮量和种植密度,制定合理的栽培措施,本试验以中晚熟品种陇抗九号为试材,在砂田条件下设置了3个种植密度(9525、12120、16680株/hm2)和4个施氮水平(0、100、200、300 kg/hm2),研究了氮密互作对西瓜产量、品质和氮素利用率的影响.结果表明,种植密度和施氮量均显著影响西瓜产量及品质,但两者互作效应不显著,两因素中密度是导致产量变化的主导因素,西瓜产量为高密度＞中密度＞低密度,高密度处理的平均西瓜产量较中、低密度分别显著提高了23.46％和45.58％;而施氮量对西瓜品质的调控具有显著作用,施氮量在0～200 kg/hm2范围内,西瓜产量及品质随施氮量的增加而提高,之后有下降趋势,N200处理的西瓜含糖量较N0和N300分别显著提高了1.43％和1.92％,Vc含量分别提高了13.09％和8.42％.西瓜产量提高引起氮肥偏生产力和氮肥吸收利用率的协同提高.综合考虑产量、品质和氮素利用率等因素,在本试验条件下,砂田全膜覆盖栽培西瓜的适宜种植密度为16680株/hm2、适宜的施氮量为200kg/hm2,其西瓜产量、含糖量及氮肥吸收利用率分别为61754 kg/hm2、10.59％和22.29％.