地下水超采区混合井回灌流量计算与效率分析

以试验数据为基础,对地下水超采区混合井回灌过程中井流量计算的方法进行理论归类,发现混合井回灌过程中的井流计算方法一般可按承压水井流计算方法进行;定量分析混合井单位流量变化过程,发现其回灌效率大于抽水效率;利用Grapher系统对不同流量回灌过程进行分析,得出利用混合井在超采区实施回灌其效率开始时虽存在衰减,但最终会趋于稳定。停灌后回灌井水位在数小时恢复到初始水位,说明回灌过程对开采井的滤水结构影响不大,管井水力传导仍然良好。     

基于 DEA 和 Malmquist 指数的广东省渔业效率研究

【目的】分析掌握广东渔业的产出效率,为发展可持续的低耗高产渔业提供数据参考。【方法】基于数据包络分析（DEA）及 Malmquist 指数,对 2011—2022 年期间广东渔业综合技术效率和全要素生产率指数及其分解进行测算和分析,并与全国平均值进行对比。【结果】广东渔业综合技术效率每年均高于全国平均水平,但2011—2014 年、2018—2019 年和 2021 年广东渔业规模报酬呈现递减。通过对广东水产养殖和水产品捕捞的综合技术效率分别进行测算,发现 2011—2022 年期间广东水产养殖的综合技术效率较高,除 2013 年和 2014 年外,均为DEA 有效。将 DEA 无效年份的广东水产养殖和水产品捕捞在生产前沿面上的投影调整为 DEA 有效,结果显示,2013 年和 2014 年广东水产养殖投入的冗余率分别为 5.98% 和 10.46%,而 2011—2014 年、2018—2019 年和 2021年广东水产品捕捞投入的冗余率在 39.73%~74.27% 之间,说明水产品捕捞的过度投入以及由此引发的捕捞综合技术效率低下是造成 2011—2014 年、2018—2019 年和 2021 年广东渔业规模报酬递减的主要原因。广东渔业的技术进步和全要素生产率上升幅度与全国平均水平相差较远,全要素生产率和技术进步指数均比全国平均增幅低 4.7%,说明广东省在渔业技术进步方面有较大提升空间。【结论】建议广东加大渔业科技的投入力度,加强渔业技术创新,以促进渔业技术进步和提高全要素生产率;加快渔业产业结构调整,合理布局养殖和捕捞规模,以解决广东渔业规模报酬递减的问题;加强渔业资源保护和增殖放流,利用自然生产力增加可捕捞渔业资源;加强水产良种创制及养殖新模式和新技术的开发,进一步拓展水产养殖空间和提高水产养殖的产出效率。     

基于三阶段DEA模型的广东省财政支农效率评价与政策研究

[目的]分析广东省财政支农现状及问题,评价财政支农效率,为广东省提升财政支农资金使用效率及农业高质量发展提出政策建议.[方法]运用三阶段DEA模型对广东省2000—2018年及20个市2010—2018年的财政支农效率进行测度.[结果]广东省整体财政支农效率呈现出下降趋势,纯技术效率较高,但规模效率较低导致综合效率不高...     

不同生长条件下切花向日葵生产效益和碳足迹分析

为探究切花向日葵生产碳足迹和经济效益,通过调研切花向日葵生产企业,利用生命周期评价法评估露地,拱棚和日光温室3种不同生长条件下切花向日葵碳排放,核算生产成本和效益,结果表明：露地切花向日葵生产碳足迹为2174.46kg/hm2,生产成本51994元/ hm2,收入178608元/ hm2;拱棚向日葵生产碳足迹为2041.13kg/ hm2,生产成本59443元/ hm2,收入175973元/ hm2;日光温室向日葵生产碳足迹为2038.92kg/ hm2,生产成本58465元/ hm2,收入179544元/ hm2。3种不同生长条件下切花向日葵生产的主要成本均来自人工,种子,地租和肥料,碳排放最主要的来源均为厩肥和氮肥。在未来切花向日葵生产中,可通过优化生产技术提高肥料利用率,研发专用机械降低劳动力投入,增加轮作等途径来实现减排增收的目的。     

建设农业强国背景下数字化转型对农林企业创新效率的影响

为推动农林企业更好地享有数字化转型红利,提升农林企业创新效率并实现农林企业共同富裕的带动作用,以2009—2020年235个A股农林业上市公司面板数据为基础,使用双向固定效应模型,实证分析了数字化转型对农林企业创新效率的影响。研究表明：1）数字化转型与农林企业创新效率之间存在显著的倒U型影响,适度水平的数字化有利于创新效率提升,超过一定临界点后,数字化水平的提高负向影响创新效率;2）数字化转型通过倒U型曲线效应影响企业风险承担水平,进而影响了创新效率,促成了数字化转型与创新效率之间的倒U型关系;3）企业高管的学术经历负向调节农林企业数字化转型与创新效率之间的倒U型关系。基于上述结论,不仅企业和高管团队要发挥能动作用,而且政府要加快农业新型基础设施和标准体系建设、加强政策针对性、完善数字化转型公共服务平台,加快农业现代化助推农业强国建设的步伐。     

EXPLORING THE RECYCLING OF MANURE FROM URBAN LIVESTOCK FARMS: A CASE STUDY IN ETHIOPIA

• Livestock manure was the main organic waste in urban and peri-urban areas.• Manure production will increase by a factor of 3–10 between 2015–2050.• Only 13%–38% of excreted N by livestock will be recycled in croplands.• Intensification of urban livestock production greatly increased N surpluses.• Reducing population growth and increasing livestock productivity needed.Urban population growth is driving the expansion of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) in developing countries. UPA is providing nutritious food to residents but the manures produced by UPA livestock farms and other wastes are not properly recycled. This paper explores the effects of four scenarios: (1) a reference scenario (business as usual), (2) increased urbanization, (3) UPA intensification, and (4) improved technology, on food-protein self-sufficiency, manure nitrogen (N) recycling and balances for four different zones in a small city (Jimma) in Ethiopia during the period 2015-2050. An N mass flow model with data from farm surveys, field experiments and literature was used. A field experiment was conducted and N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values differed among the five types of composts derived from urban livestock manures and kitchen wastes. The N use efficiency and N fertilizer replacement values were used in the N mass flow model.Livestock manures were the main organic wastes in urban areas, although only 20 to 40% of animal-sourced food consumed was produced in UPA, and only 14 to 19% of protein intake by residents was animal-based. Scenarios indicate that manure production in UPA will increase 3 to 10 times between 2015 and 2050, depending on urbanization and UPA intensification. Only 13 to 38% of manure N will be recycled in croplands. Farm-gate N balances of UPA livestock farms will increase to>1 t·ha⁻¹ in 2050. Doubling livestock productivity and feed protein conversion to animal-sourced food will roughly halve manure N production.Costs of waste recycling were high and indicate the need for government incentives. Results of these senarios are wake-up calls for all stakeholders and indicate alternative pathways.     

大红甜橙遗传转化高效再生体系的建立

以大红甜橙的实生苗为试材,研究6-BA与IAA的不同浓度组合和Km不同浓度对大红甜橙不同外植体离体再生的影响和IBA的不同浓度对不定芽生根的影响,建立了高效的大红甜橙遗传转化再生体系.该体系的最佳条件是:1)以实生苗上胚轴为外植体.2)以MS无机盐 100mg/L肌醇 0.2mg/LV-B1 1mg/LV-B6 1mg/L烟酸 3%蔗糖 0.8%琼脂(pH5.8) 3mg/L6-BA为不定芽诱导培养基,在26℃黑暗条件下培养7d后,转移至光/暗周期16/8h的条件下诱导不定芽的分化(40d分化率达90%).以1/2MS 3%蔗糖 0.7%琼脂 2.0mg/LIBA为不定芽的生根培养基(40d生根率达94.7%).3)筛选遗传转化转化体的Km质量浓度为50mg/L.     

刺参与日本对虾池塘高效混养技术

刺参夏眠期间正是日本对虾生长的大好季节,将刺参和日本对虾混养,在7月份放养虾苗,严格控制养殖池内的杂鱼虾等,就可大大提高日本对虾和刺参的成活率,利用此二者在饵料和空间的互补性,可显著提高虾池的利用率和经济效益。     

Technical efficiency of carp production in Nepal: An application of stochastic frontier production function approach*

Abstract

Modern aquaculture is a relatively new activity among Nepalese farmers and a small contributor to the economy. Given the abundance of water resources and fish species, rising demand for fish, and its high profitability, aquaculture has potential for future expansion if it is given appropriate attention from the government. In Nepal, productivity in aquaculture is much lower compared to other countries in the region, which suggests that there is potential for increased fish production through technological progress and improvement in farm‐level technical efficiency. However, no formal analysis has yet been conducted to assess the productive performance of Nepalese aquaculture and its potential for future improvement. Against this background, this paper examines the technical efficiency and its determinants for a sample of fish pond farms from the Tarai region of the country using a stochastic production frontier involving a model for technical inefficiency effects. The estimated mean technical efficiency is 77%, with intensive farms being more efficient than extensive farms. The adoption of regular fish, water, and feed management activities has a strong positive effect on technical efficiency.