严重侵蚀红壤重建森林的土壤生态效益研究

江西弋阳县龟峰镇属严重退化红壤区域。1999年采取湿地松与胡枝子混交模式重建森林,2002年对林龄12年的林地生态功能指标的调查研究表明：(1)林地0—40cm土层内有机质和全氮量普遍高于对照区各层,分别高87．95％和36％,全磷和有效磷分别增加40．9％和22．3％．但有效钾下降了8．13％。(2)林地土壤通气状况、持水状况和渗透状况得到明显改善。(3)0—40cm土层内的蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性普遍高于对照区,而且随土层下降而明显减弱。     

应用Fuzzy综合评判对春季人工造林日期的选择

松山区春季人工造林，大都在早春进行。但它归属于定性范畴，缺乏可靠的科学依据。为使其从定性提高到定量研究水平，本文采用Ｆｕｚｚｙ综合评判的方法，对春季人工造林日期进行了选择，为适时开展人工造林，提高造林成活率提供了科学依据。     

A forest of grazing and logging: Deforestation and reforestation history of a boreal landscape in central Sweden

Detailed spatial changes in foreststructure in a central Swedish landscape were examinedusing geographic information system techniques. First,the influence of grazing and burning on forest densityand structure in the 19th century landscape wereanalyzed. Then, the development of the landscapeduring the 20th century, together with the impactof modern forest management methods on foreststructure, were analyzed using historical sources. In1907, over 20% of the 2200 hectare study site wassparsely-wooded (12 m³ ha^–1) with old trees.These areas have been reforested with single-storiedmiddle-aged and old pine stands (66 m³ ha^–1in 1989) during the 20th century. Firesuppression and changes in land use from subsistence-to-industrialforestry, facilitated Norway spruceregeneration as undergrowth in open Scots pine standsafter logging. This natural regeneration has, to alarge extent, been cut down and replaced by pineafforestation. During the second half of the 20thcentury, the standing timber volume has steadilyincreased, while the mean age of the forest hasdecreased. Today's young dense forests will result inhigher timber values in the coming decades, but theforest has lost a range of ecological niches.     

Secondary forest regeneration under fast-growing forest plantations on degraded Imperata cylindrica grasslands

Natural regeneration of native tree species in the understoreys of fast-growing plantation tree species (Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea and Paraserianthes falcataria) and in adjacent natural riverine forest and non-cultivated grassland areas were studied on Imperata cylindrica grassland sites in Riam Kiwa plantation area, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Seedling and sapling densities as well as species composition and richness were assessed in a total of 35 ha by a systematic line plot survey.Floristic composition was similar in A. mangium and P. falcataria stands which differed distinctly from G. arborea stands and Imperata grassland area. Riverine forest was characterized by later successional species. In A. mangium and P. falcataria stands, a total of 63 species from 24 families were recorded. Seedling stock consisted merely of pioneer and secondary species, but also several fairly commonly occurring primary forest species. Euphorbiaceae was the most common family representing 42% of sapling and 29% of seedling densities. The most abundant regeneration occurred in A. mangium stands (4,706 seedling/sapling ha^-1), followed by P. falcataria (2,242 ha^-1) and G. arborea (554 ha^-1). Seedling recruitment was significantly lower in plots dominated by grass vegetation than those dominated by no vegetation or shrub vegetation. Breast height diameter and basal area of canopy trees as well as coverage and height of ground vegetation did not explain seedling/sapling density. Results show that plantation establishment with suitable fast-growing tree species facilitates recruitment of a variety of native tree species. This provides potential for rapid restoration of forest ecosystem and for further development of the mixed stands of fast-growing exotics and naturally regenerated native species.     

浅谈正确认识和处理退耕还林实施中的关系

退耕还林是一项系统工程,涉及面广,制约因素多,关系复杂。笔者从六个方面探讨了在退耕还林实施中需正确认识和处理好六个关系。     

秦皇岛北部山区水土流失的特点及形成因素与防治对策

秦皇岛北部山区水土流失较严重,且滑坡、泥石流较多,多发生在洪水期,主要分布在阳坡,其形成原因有地形、岩性、气候和人为因素等;为保持水土应划定重要生态功能区进行抢救性保护,采取封山育林、退耕还林、圈养山羊等对策措施.     

广州地区“青山绿地”工程生态效益

研究了广州地区城市绿地系统森林植物-土壤系统生物同化、吸储、固定C,P,K,SO₂,Pb,Cd的生态效益,结果表明:研究区域内绿地系统土壤中有机C储量最高达184t/hm2,最低为24.6t/hm2;TN储量最高达16.7t/hm2,最低为2.0t/hm2;Pb,Cd储量最高分别达837.4kg/hm2、3.9kg/hm2,最低分别为577kg/hm2、1.2kg/hm2;植物叶对SO₂的积累量以高山榕最高,海芒果最低;小叶榕叶吸收固定Pb量最高为22.6g/hm2,尾叶桉叶和白玉兰叶吸收固定Cd量最高达0.15g/hm2。       

秦岭贫困山区退耕还林(草)和禁伐政策实施低效的博弈解析

根据博弈论基本原理 ,探讨了在秦岭贫困山区实施退耕还林 (草 )和禁伐政策过程中 ,各经济利益主体的不同经济行为动机及其相关现象。研究指出 ,造成退耕还林 (草 )和禁伐政策实施低效的原因是各博弈主体由于利己思想 ,而难以摆脱“囚徒困境”。据此 ,必须建立以合作为中心 ,以符合各主体经济利益为目的的协调机制 ,实现贫困山区退耕还林 (草 )和禁伐政策的顺利实施。     

不同退耕方式对豫西黄土丘陵区土壤颗粒有机碳含量的影响

选取退耕10 a左右的乔木林、灌木林、果园、草地及荒地,对土壤总有机碳含量及颗粒有机碳含量、分布进行研究。结果表明,与耕地相比,所有退耕方式样地0~20 cm土层土壤总有机碳含量均显著提高,表现为灌木林>荒地>乔木林>果园>草地,20~40 cm土层土壤总有机碳含量仅灌木林、乔木林和荒地显著提高,可见退耕还灌、退耕还乔和自然恢复对碳的减排增汇效果较优。与耕地相比,所有退耕方式样地粗颗粒有机碳含量及其所占总颗粒有机碳含量比例提高幅度均远大于细颗粒有机碳。其中,与耕地相比,所有退耕方式样地0~20 cm、40~60 cm土层土壤粗颗粒有机碳含量均显著提高,20~40 cm土层土壤灌木林、荒地、果园显著提高;所有退耕方式样地0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm土层土壤粗颗粒有机碳含量占总颗粒有机碳含量比例均显著提高,灌木林、荒地、果园表现较突出。所有退耕方式样地0~20 cm土层土壤细颗粒有机碳含量均提高,除草地外均达显著水平,表现为灌木林>荒地>乔木林>果园;所有退耕方式样地20~40 cm土层土壤细颗粒有机碳含量占总颗粒有机碳含量比例均显著提高,40~60 cm土层土壤仅灌木林、荒地、果园显著提高。总体上,不同退耕方式样地土壤粗颗粒有机碳含量与总有机碳含量的相关系数较细颗粒有机碳高。综上,土壤粗颗粒有机碳含量能更敏感地反映不同退耕方式对土壤碳库影响的差异。     

Litter degradation and CN dynamics in reforested mangrove plantations at Gazi Bay, Kenya

The main objective of this study was to assess how mangrove reforestation has influenced litter degradation and concomitant nutrient dynamics in previously deforested plantations. Dynamics of nutrients (carbon, nitrogen and C:N ratios) in decomposing leaves of conspecific species were investigated with litterbags in Sonneratia alba and Rhizophora mucronata reforested treatments using appropriate bare and natural less disturbed treatments as controls. Bare treatments had the lowest decay rates (Kd⁻¹) and thus the highest t₅₀ values (when 50% of the original weight had been decomposed) for both species. The contrary was true for natural treatments, while both parameters were intermediate in reforested treatments, suggesting that other than direct litter input, reforestation has modified site conditions which have enhanced organic matter decomposition. There were significant seasonal differences in decay rates for treatments within the R. mucronata species, with rates being higher during the wet season with accompanying lower t₅₀ values. Decay rates were overall higher (P < 0.05) in the S. alba species and as a result no litter was retrieved from its natural treatment by the 5th week. Higher amphipod colonisation was observed in reforested and natural treatments than bare treatments, which may have contributed to higher decay rates in the former. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in N concentration among treatments with natural and reforested treatments having similarly higher concentrations than bare treatments in both seasons. C:N ratios (an important determinant of nutritional leaf quality) were also similarly low in natural and reforested treatments and higher in bare treatments. Mangrove reforestation thus seems to have enhanced litter degradation and concomitant nutrient remineralisation, suggesting that other than species litter quality, tidal inundation and seasonal factors, specific stand management regimes play an important role in determining the efficiency of these ecological processes in mangrove ecosystems.