L-cysteine Stimulates Selenite Uptake through GSH Involving in Selenite Reduction in Rice Roots

The effect of L-cysteine on selenite uptake rate in rice roots was investigated in this study. The results indicated that L-cysteine stimulated selenite uptake significantly, but D-cysteine had no effect on selenite uptake. Selenite uptake increased significantly when the roots were exposed to the L-cysteine solution following a cleanup of the adsorbed L-cysteine on the root surface. Exogenous reduced glutathione stimulated selenite uptake significantly, but oxidized glutathione had no effect on selenite uptake. Split-root experiments showed that exogenous L-cysteine and reduced glutathione applied to one-half of the root system induced selenite uptake by the untreated half. Furthermore, reduced glutathione concentration in rice roots was increased or reduced significantly when exposed to L-cysteine or selenite solution, respectively. A correlation analysis revealed selenite uptake rate was positively correlated with reduced glutathione concentration in rice roots but not in rice leaves. L-cysteine stimulates selenite uptake through reduced glutathione involving in selenite reduction in rice roots.     

Effect of P fertilizer reduction regime on soil Olsen-P, root Fe-plaque P, and rice P uptake in rice-wheat rotation paddy fields

In agricultural systems, it is vital to use limited yet optimal phosphorus(P) resources, because excessive P fertilizer application leads to the accumulation of P in soil, increasing the risk of environmental pollution and causing the waste and exhaustion of P resources. In a rice-wheat rotation system, omitting P fertilizer application in the rice-growing season is a good alternative;however, how this P fertilization reduction influences changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system is unclear. In this study, after a seven-year rice-wheat rotation at the Yixing(YX) and Changshu(CS) sampling sites, China, compared with P fertilization in rice-and wheat-growing seasons(PR+W), reduced P fertilization(no P fertilizer application in either season, P0;P fertilization only in wheat-growing seasons, PW;and P fertilization only in rice-growing seasons, PR) did not result in substantial variation in crop biomass. The PW treatment did not reduce crop total P, root iron(Fe)-plaque P, and soil Olsen-P at three stages of rice growth(seedling, booting, and harvesting stages) at the YX and CS sites. In contrast, concentrations of soil Olsen-P, aboveground crop total P, and root Fe-plaque P decreased in the P0 treatment by 45.8%–81.0%,24.6%–30.9%, and 45.6%–73.4%, respectively. In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between the root Fe-plaque P and crop biomass at the two sites. Significant positive correlations were also observed between root Fe-plaque P and root total P, crop total P, and soil Olsen-P. In addition, the results of a redundancy analysis revealed that soil alkaline phosphatase(ALP) played a major role in the supply of P in soil, and was closely associated with root Fe-plaque P. The results of this study will enhance the understanding of the changes in P in the soil-root-aboveground system, particularly under P fertilizer reduction regimes.     

Effects of tillage systems on soil characteristics, glomalin and mycorrhizal propagules in a Chilean Ultisol

Tillage affects the soil physical and chemical environment in which soil microorganisms live, thereby affecting their number, diversity and activity. However, soil disturbance generally has the greatest impact on biological properties, including both free and symbiotic fungal populations. Interest in more ecologically sustainable agricultural systems is rising with increasing recognition that agricultural intensification can adversely affect environmental quality. This paper discusses the effect of tillage system on some soil characteristics, such as pH, C, N and S levels, total and Olsen-P contents including some P forms associated with organic matter, glomalin contents and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) parameters, such as root colonization, spore number and total and active hyphal length. Measurements were in the sixth year of an on-going tillage-rotation experiment conducted on an Ultisol under no-till (NT), reduced tillage (RT) and conventional tillage with stubble mixed into the soil (CTS) or stubble burnt (CTB). Soil was sampled at two dates; after wheat (Triticum aestivum) harvest (autumn) and 6 months after subsequent grassland seeding (spring). Higher C, N, S, total P and fulvic acid-P concentrations and pH occurred under NT and RT than under CTS and CTB after wheat harvest. However, results at the second sampling were not consistent. AM spore number and active hyphal length were highest under NT having the greatest incidence on AM root colonization and P concentration in shoots of the pasture. Glomalin concentration was higher under NT and RT than under CTS and CTB but no differences in calculated glomalin to total C (ca. 5%) were found. It is concluded that a less disruptive effect of NT influences positively all soil characteristics and also increases P acquisition by the following crop in the rotation system.     

基于Delphi可视化编程的旋耕埋草机功耗检测研究

旋耕埋草机在作业过程中受到的阻力较大,尤其是在土壤粘重的地区作业,其功耗问题是制约该机发展的重要因素。针对高茬秸秆还田旋耕埋草机实际功耗大小不清楚、刀辊作业时运动参数与功耗的关系不明确等问题,根据功耗检测的基本原理,采用Delphi可视化编程软件,设计了一种新的旋耕埋草机功耗检测系统。该系统由4个模块组成,包括设计采集模块、传感器模块、数据分析模块和Delphi可视化显示模块。将该系统安装在旋耕埋草机上,对其性能进行了检测,并得到了转速、力矩和功耗等检测结果。该检测结果通过数据处理可以在Delphi开发的界面上进行可视化显示,为旋耕埋草机动力分配和节能降耗的研究提供了可借鉴的数据参考。     

规模种植条件下玉米茬地平翻整地机组经济性评价

玉米后茬耕整地是玉米机械化生产过程中的重要环节之一,评价玉米茬地机械化耕整地机组的经济性能对指导农业及农业机械化生产具有重要意义。根据实际调研结果,确定了规模化生产条件下玉米茬地平翻整地工艺过程及完成各项作业的10种适用机组;选择年最大盈利值、投资回收期和内部收益率评价玉米茬地平翻整地各机组的经济性能,给出了各指标的计算模型。评价结果表明:东方红1304拖拉机灭茬机组、CASE210拖拉机耙地机组年收益最大;东方红1304拖拉机起垄机组、CASE210拖拉机平翻机组可获得较高的投资效率。     

球墨铸铁深松铲尖磨损试验分析

通过对比球墨铸铁与进口铲尖在相同时间、相同工作量下的失重量,探究了两种材质的耐磨性能,验证了球墨铸铁铲尖作为铸钢铲尖替代品的可能性。在相同工作量时,球墨铸铁的耐磨性能与进口铲尖一致。深松技术能提高土壤蓄水保墒的能力,球墨铸铁铲尖作为进口铲尖的替代品,同样能达到深松的效果,使土壤的容重降低并提高土壤的蓄水保墒能力。根据数据显示,深松前土壤含水率为14.29%,深松后土壤含水率为15.30%,深松后土壤平均含水率提高1%,深松前土壤容重为1.92g/cm~3,深松后土壤容重为1.35g/cm~3,深松后土壤容重降低0.57g/cm~3,有利于农作物的生长。     

基于彩色空间距离优化的秸秆覆盖率检测算法研究

秸秆覆盖率是保护性耕作重要的评价指标之一。针对田间秸秆形态各异、细碎秸秆难以识别的难题,基于机器视觉技术,提出了一种基于K-means和彩色空间距离灰度化方法相结合的田间秸秆覆盖率检测算法。采用彩色空间距离方法对秸秆图像进行预处理,基于K-means算法实现秸秆和土壤背景的分类识别,使用数学形态学腐蚀和膨胀方法对识别后的图像进行处理,降低细碎秸秆对覆盖率的影响,最后计算秸秆图像的覆盖率。2022年10月,通过田间试验对北京小汤山国家精准农业研究示范基地采集的220幅玉米秸秆图像进行了算法验证。试验结果表明,对低秸秆覆盖率(0～30%)图像,识别准确率达到90%;对中等秸秆覆盖率(30%～60%)图像,识别准确率达到88%;对高秸秆覆盖率(60%以上)图像,识别准确率达到86%;整体秸秆覆盖率分等定级准确度达到98.18%。本研究设计的基于K-means和彩色空间距离灰度化方法相结合的田间秸秆覆盖率检测算法为保护性耕作评价提供了快速检测方法和手段。     

秋耕覆盖对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响

在宁南旱区,采用免耕、深松、翻耕结合秸秆、地膜等覆盖耕作措施,以翻耕不覆盖为对照,研究覆盖耕作模式下休闲期土壤的蓄水保墒效果、马铃薯生育期土壤水分的变化特征及对作物生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在休闲末期,不同覆盖耕作处理下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量均比休闲初期明显提高.与翻耕不覆盖处理相比,免耕覆盖地膜、深松覆盖地膜和翻耕覆盖地膜处理0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量分别比对照处理提高7.6%,9.3%和8.0%.马铃薯生育前期,覆盖地膜结合不同耕作措施下0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量最高,生育中后期覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理对0~200 cm土层土壤保水效果最佳.覆盖地膜结合不同耕作处理能促进马铃薯生育前期的生长,生育中后期以覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理促进作用最为显著.不同覆盖耕作处理均能提高马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率,增产效果以免耕覆盖秸秆、深松覆盖秸秆和翻耕覆盖秸秆处理最为显著,分别较对照组增产51.2%,42.8%和35.3%,水分利用效率分别比对照组提高50.0%,42.3%和32.3%.可见,覆盖秸秆结合不同耕作处理的增产效果和提高水分利用效率最高.     

Growth,symbiosis, productivity,and profitability of soybean at varying planting methods and nitrogen levels

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different planting methods (Happy Seeder sowing, Straw Chopper + Zero Tillage sowing, and conventional sowing) and nitrogen (N) levels (0%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of recommended N) on the emergence, growth, symbiotic parameters, productivity, and profitability of soybean sown after wheat harvest. Growth and symbiotic parameters were significantly better under Happy Seeder sowing and Straw Chopper + Zero Tillage sowing than conventional sowing. The seed yield, nutrient uptake, and economic returns were significantly higher under Happy Seeder sowing than other methods. The growth parameters, symbiotic parameters, biological, straw, and seed yields were increased significantly up to 100% recommended N level. The nutrient uptake increased significantly up to 100% recommended N level. Therefore, sowing with Happy Seeder after combine harvested wheat along with 100% recommended N would best optimize soybean yield and profitability.     

深松对苏打盐碱化旱田改良与利用的影响

通过对不同深度深松对经过微咸水淋洗改良的中度和轻度苏打盐碱化旱田的土壤体积质量(容重)、含盐量和pH等理化性状及作物产量等相关性状的影响研究,结果表明:深松措施能够有效地降低经过淋洗改良的中度和轻度苏打盐碱化旱田的土壤体积质量、含盐量和pH,明显改善其土壤理化形状,有效地促进作物根系发育,显著提高作物产量。深松措施可作为苏打盐碱土改良与持续利用的有效耕作方式加以实施;深松方法以效果极为显著且具有可操作性的原垄垄沟深松40cm,中耕时垄沟深松30cm为佳。