填埋复垦侵蚀沟的导排水功能和秸秆腐解速率

秸秆填埋复垦技术主要用于修复东北地区耕地中的侵蚀沟，研究复垦后原沟道的导排水能力以及秸秆的腐解速率，旨在为沟毁耕地修复提供科学依据。该研究在黑龙江省海伦市光荣村选取一条复垦后的侵蚀沟为试验区，对土壤入渗能力、渗井入渗能力、秸秆层的持水能力、复垦后的土体排水能力系统测定分析，评价复垦后的导排水能力；对填埋不同年限的秸秆取样分析，评价秸秆腐解速率。结果表明：1）复垦后原沟道位秸秆层储水量为463 kg/m3，雨季产生径流能够完全被秸秆层储存，复垦后耕地能承受44～80 mm/h的均匀降雨，95%的地表汇流转为地下径流，大大减少径流对地表的冲刷，实现了变地表径流为地下导排水，复垦后未二次冲刷成沟。2）秸秆捆的厚度平均每年下降1.4 cm，秸秆层下降部分可被春季翻耕以及雨季汇流带来的泥沙沉积填充，复垦后原沟道位未出现塌陷。3）经过20 a的填埋，秸秆不同组分的腐解速率不同，其中半纤维素与纤维素腐解较快，木质素几乎不发生腐解，其占比由26.8%上升至38.8%。填埋的秸秆长期处于厌氧环境，且被水浸泡，约半年处于冻结状态故腐解缓慢。秸秆填埋侵蚀沟，可以修复沟毁耕地，实现复垦和地块的完整，可广泛用于东北黑土区约20万条耕地中侵蚀沟的修复。     

山西采煤产生的土地破坏及防治对策

山西是采煤大省,采煤引发的土地破坏问题相当突出。截至2005年,采煤破坏土地总面积已达1151.95km2。采煤矿区诱发的土地破坏形式主要表现为：（1）地表与地下水匮乏或缺失;（2）固体废弃物压占土地;（3）地表扰动层和松散堆积物表层水蚀风蚀严重,冲积物淤塞河道,影响行洪;（4）矿区崩塌、泻溜、地面塌陷、滑坡等重力侵蚀时有发生。治理采煤矿区土地破坏问题,要以贯彻落实土地复垦规定为核心,建立健全煤矿区土地保护监督管理机构,抓紧开发建设项目的土地保护方案审批和征收复垦费的环节,制订和落实土地保护的监督检查制度,全面生态恢复和重点治理相结合。     

土地整理和复垦工程费用结构分析及控制对策研究

土地整理与复垦是人类对土地的善意干扰，通过整理复垦工程，能够有效地提高耕地质量、增加耕地数量，保障人类社会持续发展。土地整理复垦对象分为低质土地、零散破碎土地、不规则土地、废弃建设用地、灾害损毁地、退化土地等，其工程基本由土地平整工程、农田水利、田间道路、农田防护工程、土壤改良工程和其它工程构成。通过对华北地区土地整理与复垦工程项目的统计，分析各项工程的费用构成，归纳出项目敏感因素，提出降低土方量和其它费用的外部途径，从而降低项目总费用。     

林地开垦后坡沟侵蚀产沙关系的研究

利用在子午岭林区布设的林地开垦后全梁坡、全沟坡（不接收上万来水）和全坡面径流小区，研究了子午岭林区林地开垦后坡沟侵蚀产沙关系。结果表明，子午岭林区林地开垦后，沟坟接收上方来水来沙的侵蚀产沙量是沟坡不接收上方米水来沙侵蚀产沙量的１．９５～３．９倍；全坡面侵蚀产沙在梁坡来水来沙的影响下，侵蚀产沙量增加１０％～３５％；沟坡侵蚀产沙量占总侵蚀产沙量的５３％左右，但其中有２０％的侵蚀产沙量是由于粱坡坡面径流下沟造成的，故受人类活动强烈影响的梁坡，实质上造成了６８％左右的侵蚀产沙量。     

Release, movement and recovery of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), ammonium, and nitrate from stabilized nitrogen fertilizer granules in a silty clay soil under laboratory conditions

 The composition of soil microbiota in four heated (350  °C, 1 h) soils (one Ortic Podsol over sandstone and three Humic Cambisol over granite, schist or limestone) inoculated (1.5 μg chlorophyll a g^–1 soil or 3.0 μg chlorophyll a g^–1 soil) with cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria PCC9014, Nostoc PCC9025, Nostoc PCC9104, Scytonema CCC9801, and a mixture of the four) was studied by cultural methods. The aims of the work were to investigate the potential value of cyanobacteria as biofertilizers for accelerating soil recolonization after fire as well as promoting microbiotic crust formation and to determine the microbial composition of such a crust. The inoculated cyanobacteria proliferated by 5 logarithmic units in the heated soils which were colonized very quickly and, after 2 months of incubation, the cyanobacterial filaments and associated fungal hyphae made up a matrix in which surface soil particles were gathered into crusts of up to 1.0 cm in thickness. These crusts were composed, on average, of 2.5×10¹⁰ cyanobacteria, 2.8×10⁶ algae, 6.1×10¹⁰ heterotrophic bacteria (of which 1.2×10⁸ were acidophilic, 1.3×10⁶ were Bacillus spp. and 1.5×10⁸ were actinomycetes) and 77.8 m fungal mycelium (1.4×10⁶ were fungal propagules) g^–1 crust. Counts of most microbial groups were positively correlated to cyanobacterial numbers. The efficacy of treatment depended on both the class of inoculum and the type of soil. The best inoculum was the mixture of the four strains and, whatever the inoculum used, the soil over lime showed the most developed crust followed by the soils over schist, granite and sandstone; however, the latter was comparatively the most favoured by the amendment. In the medium term there were no significant differences between the two inocula rates used. Biofertilization increased counts of cyanobacteria by 8 logarithmic units while heterotrophic bacteria, actinomycetes, algae and fungal propagules rose by >4 logarithmic units, acidophilic bacteria and Bacillus spp. by around 3 logarithmic units and fungal mycelia showed an 80-fold increase. The results showed that inoculation of burned soils with particle-binding diazotrophic cyanobacteria may be a means of both improving crust formation and restoring microbial populations. Received: 8 March 2000     

Changes in soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability following burning and soil rehabilitation

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in order to determine the influence of organic amendment, as compared with inorganic fertilization, and vegetation cover (Lolium perennne L.) on microbial biomass and aggregate stability in burnt soils. The study was performed with soil samples from the ash layer of three pine forests differing in their physicochemical and chemical properties and affected by high-intensity wildfires about 3 and 36 months before the sampling. Two different doses of both poultry manure and NPK fertilizer were used. Similar results were observed independent of the soil; however, the fertilization effect was most pronounced in the soil collected 36 months after the wildfire. Significant increases in microbial biomass C were detected following poultry manure addition, particularly at high dose, while no changes or slight increases were found as a consequence of inorganic fertilization. A significant but varied response of microorganisms to plant growing was also observed. Revegetation and fertilization also modified the aggregate stability values, but different effects were detected depending on the fertilizer used (organic or inorganic) and the dose of application. A high positive and significant relationship between soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability was observed. The results clearly indicate that organic amendment combined with the implantation of a vegetation cover can improve the reestablishment of both microbial biomass and soil structure in burnt pine forests.     

临沧双江高中海拔地区烤烟追肥方案的优选

为探明临沧双江高、中海拔地区烤烟生产最佳追肥方案,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同追肥次数、时间和追肥比例对高、中海拔地区烤烟农艺性状、经济性状、化学成分和感官质量的影响。结果表明,2次追肥,追肥结束期早(栽后15 d)有利于烟株生长前期早生快发,追肥结束期晚(栽后25 d)或增加追肥次数能提高烟叶上等烟比例、产量、产值和烟叶抽吸品质。Ta3处理,即2次追肥,分别在移栽后7 d,移栽后25 d施用,追肥比例为3∶7,为临沧双江高海拔地区最佳追肥方案;Tb4处理,即3次追肥,分别在移栽后7 d,移栽后15 d,揭膜当天施用,追肥比例为2∶6∶2,为临沧双江中海拔地区最佳追肥方案。     

农机配备效率的评价研究

通过对农机配备效率的系统分析,从农机配备的农机拥有量、机型、机耕效率和农业产值等方面构建出评价农机配备效率的指标体系.以2014年黑龙江垦区40个农场农机配备相关数据为例,运用因子分析方法提取出7个影响农机配备效率的主要因子,并进行了合理的解释,具体为农机化经济效益性价比、农机化保障性价比、播种面积每公顷平均农机动力性价比等.通过建立因子模型计算出7个主要因子得分,进一步建立出综合评价模型计算出综合得分,从而得出黑龙江垦区40个农场农机配备效率得分的排序和分类.结果表明,黑龙江垦区农机配备效率水平分为3类,分别为良好水平、中等水平和合格水平.其中良好水平的农场为16个,中等水平的为12个,合格水平的农场则为12个.并且由实际可得友谊农场、七星农场农机配备效率远远高于其他农场,评价结果与实际相符,该结果对农机主管部门了解农机配备情况和科学合理制定相关政策措施具有重要的指导意义.     

渭北台塬区荒草地整治后新增耕地土壤肥力调查研究——以陕西澄城为例

[目的]为探讨新增耕地的肥力水平、最大限制因素以及新增耕地的综合肥力指数,并且提出合理的施肥策略。[方法]通过采样分析,采用菲尔德法和加权求和评价法对渭北台塬区荒草地土地整治后新增耕地肥力指标进行分析。[结果]土地整治后新增耕地土壤肥力含量处于较低水平,该研究区域有机质的平均含量为7.8 g/kg,全氮平均含量0.93 mg/kg,有效磷平均含量为4.06 mg/kg,速效钾平均含量为52.3 mg/kg。新增耕地土壤肥力指数分布在25~60分之间,平均得分41分,其中得分在30~40之间的样点约占总数的一半,大于50分的约占17.78%。[结论]土壤有效磷和土壤有机质是渭北台塬区荒草地整治新增耕地肥力指标的最大控制因素。提高土壤有效磷和有机质含量是提高新增耕地肥力综合指数的最直接的方式。有机肥与化肥配施,将是提高新增耕地土壤肥力最有效的途径。     

校园基地土壤理化性质及其改良对策

试验测定了校园基地土壤耕层的一般理化性状,得出如下结论:①花卉基地、菜地土壤结构较好,富含有机质、水解性氮、速效磷,这是多年培肥改土的结果。②蓍草园、桃园土壤有机质含量不高,缺少速效钾。经改良可进一步利用。③学生宿舍院内荒地理化性状均差,目前不宜直接利用。同时提出了相应的土壤改良措施。