近50年安徽淮北平原降水变化特征分析

选取淮北平原6个典型代表气象站的逐年降水观测资料,采用数理统计方法、趋势拟合和R／S分析等方法,分析了年降水量、主汛期降水量和暴雨日数的变化特征。结果表明,淮北平原年降水量和主汛期降水量增加并不明显,但年际间波动较大,年降水平均变异系数0．26,最大极差在1150mm以上;主汛期降水量变异系数0．39,极比达到5．07,导致旱涝频繁发生。趋势分析表明,20世纪90年代以来,淮北平原多雨年和少雨年都呈增加的趋势,暴雨日数也呈明显增多的趋势。R／S分析得出,未来淮北平原的降水仍呈宽幅震荡的趋势,旱涝灾害仍是制约当地农业生产的主导因素。     

玉米生育期空间插值方法比较

采用合适的空间插值方法可以估计全国主产区玉米生育期的空间分布情况,从而指导不同地区的种植生产。该文通过比较反距离加权法、径向基函数法、克里格法等插值方法的异同,以调查县夏播玉米5个阶段的生育期为数据源,对黄淮海夏播玉米区生育期的数据进行空间插值处理,并使用交叉验证对表面精度进行分析。结果表明：播种期、出苗期和成熟期的最适合插值方法为径向基函数法,其均方根预测误差分别为5.077、5.320、5.243 d,拔节期和抽雄期的最佳插值方法为反距离加权法,其均方根预测误差分别为7.826、6.403 d;播种期和出苗期由西南至东北逐渐延后,其余阶段生育期以东南至西北为中轴线向两侧逐渐延后。     

温度和降水对云南玉溪水稻生产的影响

为了解水稻不同生长阶段气温和降水因子对水稻生产的影响,利用玉溪市红塔区农业气象观测站1980—2011年水稻生长期、产量及其构成因素的观测资料,分析了水稻各生长阶段天数、产量及其构成因素与同期气温和降水量的关系。结果表明：除孕穗—抽穗期,降水量与水稻其他各生长阶段天数呈显著正相关,以分蘖—孕穗期（r=0.6362,P>0.01）和移栽—分蘖期（r=0.4247,P>0.05）受降水限制最大。移栽—分蘖期平均气温、最高气温和最低气温,以及分蘖—孕穗期和乳熟—成熟期日较差与相应阶段天数呈显著负相关。穗粒数是影响水稻产量的主要构成因素,其与孕穗—乳熟期气温呈正相关。结实率与乳熟—成熟期最高气温和温差呈显著负相关,与最低气温和降水量呈显著正相关。千粒重与孕穗—成熟期气温呈负相关。水稻产量与移栽—分蘖期最高气温和日较差呈显著负相关,与降水量呈显著正相关,且丰年这3个因子与平年和歉年也有较大差异。结果说明,移栽—孕穗期水稻生产主要受降水的限制,孕穗—成熟期则主要受气温的影响,较高的气温促进穗粒数的增加,较大的温差促进物质的积累,对提高水稻产量较为有利。     

天敌昆虫—蠋蝽的研究进展

蠋蝽是农林上一种十分重要的天敌昆虫,具有地理分布广、捕食种类多、捕食能力强、适应性好等特点,开发应用前景十分广阔。为了系统总结近年来在蠋蝽研究领域取得的一系列进展,本文从蠋蝽的分类地位、地理分布和形态学、生物学特性、人工繁育技术、控害功能研究等方面进行了综述,分析了蠋蝽研究领域当前存在的问题,并对今后的研究方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

Weed competition in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) in the Jordan Valley

A field experiment was carried out in 1996/1997 and repeated in 1997/1998 at the Jordan University Research Station located in the central Jordan Valley to determine the effect of weed competition on growth and yield of cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. “White Cloud”. The treatments consisted of either allowing weeds to infest the crop or maintaining plots weed-free for increasing durations after transplanting. Results showed that longer periods of weed/cauliflower competition greatly reduced crop growth and head yield. Average reductions in shoot dry weight and head yield were 81% and 89%, respectively. Maintaining a weed-free crop for any period after transplanting increased cauliflower growth and head yield compared with the weed-infested control. Weed competition for 14 days after transplanting reduced cauliflower average head yield by 41%. To determine the critical period of weed competition and the influence of weed infestation on cauliflower head yield the Gompertz and logistic equations were fitted to data representing increasing duration of weed-free and weed-infested periods, respectively. Based upon an arbitrary 5% level of head yield loss, the critical period of weed competition occurred at 0–38 days after cauliflower transplanting which corresponded with the rapid increase in weed biomass. Results indicated that early weed removal is necessary to prevent yield loss.     

Effect of set-size and storage temperature on bolting,bulbing and seed yield in two onion cultivars

The effects of three set-sizes (12.5, 17.5 and 22.5 mm in diameter) and seven storage temperatures (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) on bolting, bulbing and seed yield in two onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars ‘Hygro’ and ‘Delta’ were investigated. The incidence of bolting increased linearly with set-size and curvi-linearly with decreasing storage temperature. Time to inflorescence emergence and floret opening showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the earliest inflorescence emergence and floret opening occurring at 5 °C and the latest at 30 °C for ‘Hygro’ and at 25 °C for ‘Delta’. Seed yield per umbel also showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the lowest seed yield occurring at 30 °C for ‘Hygro’ and at 25 °C for ‘Delta’ and the highest seed yield at 5 °C. For a seed crop, storage of large sets (22.5 mm) of these cultivars at 5 °C for 120 days appeared to be optimum with 5–12% higher seed yield per umbel than that of 90 days storage. Bulb yield showed a curvi-linear response to storage temperature with the highest bulb yield occurring at 25 °C and the lowest at 5 °C.     

Reproductive biology of the commercial sea cucumber <Emphasis Type="Italic">Holothuria spinifera</Emphasis> (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Tuticorin,Tamil Nadu,India

The annual reproductive cycle of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria spinifera was studied in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India, from September 2000 to October 2001, by macroscopic and microscopic examination of gonad tubule, gonad index and histology of gametogenic stages, to determine the spawning pattern. The gonad consists of long tubules with uniform development. It does not confirm the progressive tubule recruitment model described for other holothurians. The maximum percentage of mature animals, gonad and fecundity indices, tubule length and diameter, with the observations on gonad histology, ascertained that H. spinifera had the peak gametogenic activity during September and October 2001 followed by a prolonged spawning period from November 2000–March 2001.     

不同采收期咖啡果实物理性状比较

以潞江坝的Catimor系列品种咖啡鲜果为材料,研究不同采收期对咖啡果实物理性状的影响。结果表明,不同成熟期果实的物理性状差异为极显著,其中,早期和晚期成熟的咖啡鲜果和咖啡豆颗粒较小,物理性状较差,而中期成熟的咖啡鲜果和咖啡豆颗粒较大,物理性状较好。     

葡萄霜霉病菌侵染抗病和感病品种过程的组织学观察

用苯胺蓝染色结合扫描电镜的方法,观察葡萄霜霉病菌(Plasmopara viticola)在葡萄感病品种‘红提’和抗病品种‘北玫’中的侵染过程,发现两品种从接菌到显症的过程基本一致,但孢子囊伸出气孔的时间、伸出孢囊梗气孔比例、孢囊梗数量及孢囊梗分支,‘红提’比‘北玫’多;菌丝在‘北玫’上生长速度慢,后期生长量也较少。‘红提’的潜育期为4 d,而‘北玫’的为5 d,‘红提’和‘北玫’的长菌丝、分支的长菌丝、疏松菌丝体出现的时间也不同。菌丝生长一段时间后,在‘北玫’上停留在疏松菌丝体阶段,而‘红提’96 h时叶片组织内长满致密的菌丝体。两品种在初生菌丝和长菌丝阶段产生吸器的频率差异显著。     

文山辣椒成熟期不同颜色果实的色素含量

为揭示云南文山州辣椒成熟期果色多样性和独特性的化学基础,用分光光度法研究了该州辣椒成熟期紫色、红色、金色和杂色果实的叶绿素(chlorophylls,Chls)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和总花色苷含量。结果表明:文山辣椒成熟期不同颜色果实的叶绿素a(Chl a)和总叶绿素[Chl(a+b)]含量和叶绿素a/b(Chl a/b)及总叶绿素/类胡萝卜素[Chl(a+b)/Car]特征均为紫色杂色红色金色,叶绿素b(Chl b)含量特征为紫色杂色金色红色,Car含量特征为金色红色杂色紫色,总花色苷含量(TAC)特征为紫色红色金色杂色,此外,4种颜色果实Chl a、Chl b和Chl(a+b)含量间的差异均达到极显著水平,但Car含量和TAC间的差异则均未达到显著水平。因此,文山辣椒成熟期果实颜色差异主要决定于Chl含量,叶绿素和花色苷共同贡献于果实的紫色,Car含量则决定了果实的金色和红色。本研究可为文山州辣椒果色呈现机理的研究和新奇果色品种的选育提供参考。