APEX模型在淮河流域中上游的适宜性研究

探讨了APEX(Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender)模型在淮河流域中上游的适宜性。将APEX模型用于淮河流域中上游监测资料较匮乏的3个径流小区,用日径流/产沙的实测值和模拟值校正和验证模型,用校正过的模型评价不同土地管理措施的长期水土保持效益(1981~2005)。在模型校正阶段,3个小区日径流量和产沙量的平均百分误差绝对值(APE)小于20%,平均纳希-苏特克利夫有效系数(EF)大于0.6,平均R2大于0.7;在模型验证阶段,3个小区日径流量和产沙量的平均APE小于12%,平均EF大于0.5,平均R2大于0.7,APEX模型可模拟出径流、产沙的日变异。在水土保持效益评价结果中,与对照(休闲地)相比,管理措施2(林地-水平沟)的径流量平均减少37%,产沙量平均减少89%,管理措施1(林草混交-水平梯田)的水土保持效益要略低于管理措施2,构建水平沟、水平梯田以及增加地表植被是控制该地区水土流失的有效措施。研究结果表明:APEX模型适应性强,可用于预测和评价淮河流域中上游不同土地管理措施下的水土流失,这为资料匮乏地区研究土壤侵蚀提供了一种新的思路和工具。     

Radiometric pooled faecal culture for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in low-shedder cattle

OBJECTIVE: To identify the optimum pooling rate for pooled faecal culture (PFC) as a diagnostic tool in bovine Johne's disease control, for detection of cattle shedding low concentrations of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (Map). METHOD: Thirteen target animals were selected by delayed growth of Map from initial individual radiometric faecal cultures (first growth index at 5 weeks or later). A procedure based on radiometric culture and IS900 polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis confirmation was then used for PFC. RESULTS: Eight samples (stored for up to 17 months at -80 degrees C) yielded Map on subsequent culture, either from undiluted faeces or those mixed with normal cattle faeces at dilution rates from 1 in 5 to 1 in 50. From a regression equation, culture-positive animals were considered to be shedding relatively low levels of Map (< 6 x 10(4)/g of faeces). Pooling dilutions of more than 1 in 5 reduced PFC sensitivity. A minimum incubation period of 10 weeks at a dilution of 1 in 5 is recommended to detect such infected cattle. This pooling rate in radiometric culture is probably capable of detecting cattle shedding < or = 5 x 10(3) Map organisms/g of faeces, representing an estimated inoculum per culture vial of fewer than 20 viable organisms. CONCLUSION: Map was detected in more than 50% of the stored faecal samples from cattle shedding low concentrations of the organism. A pooling rate of 5 samples per pool is required to reliably detect infected low-shedder cattle using PFC based on radiometric culture.     

近红外技术在牧草方面的应用

通过对近红外光谱法的基本原理、特点、近红外光谱仪的发展及其在国外牧草应用上的研究情况作一阐述,来推动近红外技术在我国牧草研究中的应用.     

Genetic Algorithms and Ultravoilet Spectroscopy as Applied to Multicomponent Analysis of Amino Acids

Modified Genetic algorithm (GA) was proposed for simultaneous multicomponent analysis of ultraviolet spectroscopy is of four amino acids Tyr, Trp, Phe and Dhp.     

土壤含盐量对TDR含水率测试结果的影响及校正方法

利用多种TDR仪器测试不同盐分质量浓度条件下的含水率,与烘干法测得的结果进行比较,探讨了土壤盐分对各种TDR仪器的测量精度的影响。针对TDR100仪器,采用多种探头,分析不同长度、不同间距的探针对测试结果的影响。结果表明,所选5种仪器测试结果均受盐分影响,随盐分质量浓度的增加,测得的含水率值增大或是无法得出合理数值。TDR100所用探头,其探针越长、间距越宽受盐分影响越大。在含盐率较低的土体中,各仪器测试结果与烘干法测量结果变化趋势基本一致,可采用线性函数进行标定,R2均在0.94以上。试验结果可为野外试验的选点、测试和含水率校正提供参考。     

直线型植保无人机航姿UKF两级估计算法

针对直线型植保无人机航姿测量受磁场干扰严重、磁力计校准动态性能差、航姿估计精度低等问题,提出了一种基于磁力计实时校准的无人机航姿两级解算方法。依据地磁场矢量变化小的特点,利用列文伯格-马夸特（Levenberg-Marquardt,LM）算法和磁力计误差模型,建立磁力计实时校准模型,实时计算磁力计误差参数。考虑运动加速度、电机磁场以及环境磁场干扰,采用无迹卡尔曼滤波器（Unscented Kalman filter,UKF）融合陀螺仪和加速度计实现一级航姿估计,通过四元数精准解析出横滚角和俯仰角姿态信息;然后融合磁力计实时校准数据和陀螺仪修正航向角完成二级航姿估计,最终实现无人机姿态和航向的精准估计。试验结果表明,在外部磁场干扰高达30.97μT时,实时校准算法仍可快速计算出磁力计校准参数,模长均方根误差为0.59μT,减小了航向观测信息噪声。本文的航姿测量系统姿态角均方根误差不大于0.75°,航向角均方根误差为1.40°,较互补滤波算法,姿态角精度提高约0.6%,航向角估计精度提高1.38°;动态飞行试验中,姿态估计算法大幅减弱了磁干扰影响,航姿跟踪准确,航向角快速收敛,稳态精度更高。     

The challenges of effective model scoping: A FLORES case study from the mafungautsi forest margins,Zimbabwe

This paper explores the challenge of defining the scope of a systems model, emphasising three aspects: boundary, granularity and conceptual scope. The significance of these is illustrated by reference to a model of land-use decisions made in villages bordering on the Mafungautsi forest in Zimbabwe. The purpose of this model was to help policy players (Forestry Commission staff, non-governmental organisations, researchers and local people) to understand the impact of policy interventions on local people’s livelihoods. Scoping decisions that were made in building the Mafungautsi model were deliberately liberal, to encompass the interests of all participants in the modelling process. These decisions now present a range of serious challenges: the difficulty of model calibration, the computational expense of running simulations, and the difficulty for new users to understand the model. Facilitators of modelling teams need to consider the serious implications of giving everyone what they want and including all participants’ ideas in a model. In the long run, it may be better to be tough and reject many suggestions at the outset. The former approach is unlikely to lead to a tractable model, while the latter may ultimately offer greater satisfaction for all. We are grateful to the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) and the European Community for financial support of this project. Thanks also to all of the ACM team who have contributed ideas on the process and content of the modelling work and who make it fun to undertake collaborative research. Thanks also to the participants in the Zimbabwe FLAC workshops for their input into the specification of the Mafungautsi model. Finally thanks to Robert Muetzelfeldt, Jasper Taylor, Jonathan Massheder, Fergus Sinclair and Jerry Vanclay for helping us to ride on the FLORES bandwagon.     

平面激光诱导荧光法测量射流混药浓度场研究

为了验证平面激光诱导荧光(planar laser induced fluorescence,PLIF)方法测量射流混药浓度场的可行性,该文在考察射流混药浓度场随压力变化特性基础上,开展基于PLIF的射流混药浓度场测量试验。研制了射流混药装置及辅助测量装置。配制6种不同浓度的罗丹明6G均匀混合液进行浓度标定,采用平滑滤波消除测量噪声影响。对比总体灰度值标定和分栅格标定2种方法的标定效果,结果表明:采用分栅格标定可以获得较平均的分区域浓度,在标定浓度为1.000 mg/L时,分栅格标定的最大最小平均值之差仅为总体标定的25.22%。开展3种吸入浓度、进水口压力0.1~0.6 MPa时的浓度场测量试验,结果表明:总体上混合管末端变异系数偏大,靠近管壁的变异系数偏大;在压力0.1和0.2MPa时,在测量区域末端的混合液浓度偏大,变异系数较大,混合均匀性较差。该文试验结果表明PLIF方法可用于射流混药浓度场测量,试验方法和结果可为其他液液混合浓度场测量提供参考。     

甜玉米葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量近红外反射光谱模型构建

甜玉米是世界上重要的果蔬两用型作物之一。建立快速、无损检测甜玉米糖分含量的方法,对于甜玉米品质育种工作中的材料鉴定、筛选具有重要意义。选取了104份糖分含量变幅较大的甜玉米材料进行了近红外光谱分析,结合酶法测量的化学值,利用偏最小二乘法以及不同光谱处理和数学处理相结合,对全光谱波段进行了化学计量学的分析统计,构建了葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量的近红外光谱定标模型。用外部验证样品集进行验证,对所建模型的实际预测能力进行检验。结果表明：最优光谱处理方式葡萄糖为加权多元散射校正,果糖和蔗糖的为标准正常化加去散射处理;最优的导数处理葡萄糖为2阶导数,果糖和蔗糖的为1阶和3阶导数。葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖定标模型的交叉验证相关系数分别为0.646、0.645、0.820,交叉验证标准偏差分别为0.321、0.275、1.508;外部验证集葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的预测相关系数分别为0.593、0.780、0.891,表明所建立的果糖和蔗糖预测模型具有较好的预测性,可应用于甜玉米种质资源筛选,而葡萄糖模型的预测性较差,需继续完善。