Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling of variable-exponent taper equations for lodgepole pine in Alberta,Canada

Four variable-exponent taper equations and their modified forms were evaluated for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) trees in Alberta, Canada. A nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach was applied to account for within- and between-tree variations in stem form. Even though a direct modeling of within-tree autocorrelation by a variance–covariance structure failed to achieve convergence, most of the autocorrelation was accounted for when random-effects parameters were included in the models. Using an independent data set, the best taper equation with two random-effects parameters was chosen based on its ability to predict diameter inside bark, whole tree volume, and sectioned log volume. Diameter measurements from various stem locations were evaluated for tree-specific calibrations by predicting random-effects parameters using an approximate Bayesian estimator. It was found that an upper stem diameter at 5.3 m above ground was best suited for calibrating tree-specific predictions of diameter inside bark, whole tree volume, and sectioned log volume.     

关节臂式坐标测量机参数标定方法

采用对称点法对关节臂式坐标测量机的各参数进行标定。该标定方法把各参数分离,使标定过程更简单。首先,在D-H参数建模法的基础上,利用基于准球坐标系的建模方法,建立了关节臂式坐标测量机的数学模型,使关节间各个参数正交,进而推导了运动学方程。借助设计的固紧装置,在ROMER Infinite 2.0型关节臂式坐标测量机上运用该方法进行了标定实验,得出了坐标测量机的结构参数,验证了参数标定方法的可行性和实验结果的准确性,为进一步提高关节臂式坐标测量机的测量精度奠定了基础。     

FAO Penman—Monteith及简化方法在西北适用性研究

为了实现气象资料缺失下参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)在西北地区的高精度预测,采用FAO 56 PenmanMonteith(P-M)公式作为对照,与气象资料缺失下P-M公式8种情况以及Pristley-Taylor(P-T)法、Makkink法、Hargreaves-Samani(H-S)法、Irmak法对西北5省区30个辐射站的逐日气象资料进行了统计比较,并对P-T法、Makkink法、H-S法、Irmak法重新进行了参数率定。结果表明,气象资料缺失时,总辐射资料缺失精度下降最小,基于日照资料的ngstrm-Presscott(A-P)法是该地区适宜的替代方法,其各站平均R2为0.983、RMSE小于0.4 mm/d。当相对湿度、风速或日照时数有一项缺失时,使用FAO推荐的P-M替代方法可以使多年平均ET0的RMSE小于0.47 mm/d,R2保持在0.94以上。当气象要素缺少风速和相对湿度时,使用率定后Makkink法是该地区适宜的替代选择,其RMSE为0.68 mm/d,R2为0.94,当仅有气温资料时,改进后的H-S法是该地区适宜的替代选择,其RMSE为0.68 mm/d,R2为0.94。P-T法在该地区精度低于Makkink法,其RMSE为0.71 mm/d,R2为0.88,30个站参数值率定后α值介于1.02~1.64之间。     

有机肥施肥机的标校

由于畜牧业的迅速发展,畜禽粪便的产出量急剧增大。畜禽粪便是一种优质的有机肥源,有机肥还田不但提供了农作物生长需要的养分,还可以改善农业生态环境,降低粮食生产成本。因此,研制适合中国国情的有机肥施肥机具有重要的现实意义和应用推广价值。目前,我国对有机肥施肥机的研究才刚刚起步,本文以中机华丰(北京)科技有限公司研制的有机肥施肥机为研究对象,主要研究了有机肥施肥机的标校,包括施肥均匀度的测定与校验、工作幅宽的测定与校验以及部分试验结果,验证并回答了施肥过程中常遇到的几个问题。     

六足制孔机器人三自由度并联机械腿的误差模型及验证

为了研制六足制孔机器人,提出了一种基于(U+UPS)P+UPS机构的三自由度并联机械腿,建立了机械腿机构的误差模型与评价方法,并通过误差分析制造出机械腿试验样机,对试验样机进行了误差标定试验研究。首先,采用矢量链法建立了机械腿机构的误差矢量约束方程,得到了机械腿机构的误差传递模型。接着,定义了一组误差敏感性评价指标,并绘制了误差敏感性评价指标在机械腿机构工作空间内的分布曲面。然后,基于误差敏感性评价指标及机构其他机构学性能,采用蒙特卡罗法对机械腿进行了结构参数设计,选取了一组结构参数,制造了机械腿试验样机。最后,采用一套高精度机器人标定系统对机械腿试验样机进行了误差标定。试验表明:机械腿试验样机的位置误差实测值与理论值之间偏差均小于0.003 mm,姿态误差实测值与理论值之间偏差均小于0.05°,误差敏感性评价指标的实测值与理论值的差值均小于0.03。机械腿试验样机的误差均在合理范围之内,基本达到了设计要求。     

棉花生长模拟模型GOSSYM及其在北疆棉区的应用

利用１９９６～１９９８年在北疆３个试点进行的试验,对ＧＯＳＳＹＭ模型进行了全面的验证。结果表明,在对模型针对地膜覆盖特点进行了修改的基础上,通过校正品种参数和土壤参数,ＧＯＳＳＹＭ的模型基本能模拟北疆主栽品种新陆早６号和新陆早７号的生长发育和产量形成过程。     

International standardization of acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins (APPs) such as haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein are plasma proteins that increase in concentration following infection, inflammation, or trauma. The circulating concentrations of these proteins in pigs and cattle can provide an objective measure of the health status of an animal and are increasingly being used as markers of animal health and welfare. Plasma concentrations of APPs are related to the severity of the underlying condition, and provide a ready means of evaluating both the presence and extent of disease. Haptoglobin, for example, has been used to identify both clinical and subclinical disease in animals, and for objectively monitoring antibiotic therapy in experimentally infected animals. Interpretative benefit can be further enhanced by the "acute phase index", derived from a mathematical formula that uses both positive- and negative-reacting APPs. Research suggests that in the future, assays for APPs will be used routinely to assess animal health, optimize production rates, monitor antibiotic therapy, detect diseases such as mastitis in dairy cows, and assess the health of animals at slaughter. These applications have considerable benefit for human food safety. Before APP assays can be applied in animal production on a worldwide basis, however, the calibration of assay methods must be harmonized to ensure that results obtained in the laboratory or on the farm are universally comparable and of consistent quality. In February 2000 the European Commission Directorate General Research Concerted Action was established to fulfill the task of international standardization of APPs. The Concerted Action Group consists of a network of 14 institutions representing 9 European countries. In this report, the background and goals of the Concerted Action Group, and scientific presentations from the group's first colloquium are described. In addition, the progress of the group to date and the standardization plan for the full 30-month duration of the Concerted Action are summarized.     

Probability Analysis of "Strong Beam and Weak Beam" and Axial Compression Ratio in RC Frame

In the view of reliability calibration, this paper analyzes the probabilistic sense of the provisions of "Strong Column and Weak Beam' and axial compression ratio in aseismic criteria (GBJ 11 89), which demonstrates that there is much difference between different aseismic ranks of RC frame. The authors suggest that it is possible to make axial compression ratio larger by adjusting the moment capacity ratio between column and beam. Finally, the direction and method of further studies are proposed.     

KMT动应变测量系统在水果定向中的应用

水果输送过程中定向问题的关键所在是寻找影响定向成功率的主要因素,需将各影响因素经过科学的组合对比,找到最佳组合,以提高水果在实际生产过程中的定向成功率。为此,利用正交试验和KMT动应变测量系统相结合的方法确定影响定向主要相关因素,利用KMT动应变系统测试的夹持片动应变大小与计算分析所得数据基本吻合。同时,确定了影响水果输送定向的主要因素有:入口通道宽度(D)、夹持带的速度大小(V)、杏子尺寸大小(I)。通过正交试验,得到较优的试验因素组合是:D为25mm,V为13.2m/min,I为34~35mm。利用高速摄像观测统计发现:水果大部分在定向通道的第4区域达到定向稳定。考虑夹持片对输送带振动影响的情况下,统计出杏子的定向稳定区域主要集中于输送通道的第4区域,为杏子切刀的位置选择提供了依据。     

多元回归分析在土壤湿度传感器标定中的应用

提出了一种应用MATLAB语言／SIMULINK仿真环境来对湿度传感器进行标定的方法，用四次多项式拟合标定曲线并通过分析所拟合的曲线找出能代表此类传感器的最优曲线方程。此方法同样也适用于其它类型传感器的标定。