龙门式点样仪精度的研究

为了实现龙门式点样仪的高精度运动控制,采用一种消除反向误差方法,消除双输出轴电机驱动设备两侧松紧程度不同的同步带轮运动过程中,设备返回启动位置时,连接两侧运动机构的桥梁与启动时产生的夹角,提高了设备的重复定位精度;改进了一种标定方法,提高了设备的定位精度。通过基于ARM9的微控制器对是否采用上述方法进行对比实验,利用激光跟踪仪测量了设备的重复定位精度以及定位精度。实验结果表明:未采用上述方法,设备重复定位精度为0.09 mm,定位精度为0.07 mm。采用上述方法,设备的重复定位精度可达0.01 mm,定位精度可达0.03 mm。     

一种车载双目视觉系统的标定

为了在线感知汽车行驶前方道路,搭建车载双目视觉系统,从不同拍摄位置和角度获取多组标定板图像。利用传统标定方法,在MATLAB应用程序Stereo Camera Calibrator工具箱中对图像进行校准及合理性验证,最终得到左右两个相机需要标定的内参数和外参数。标定结果将为视觉系统在车辆环境感知方面的研究奠定基础。     

胡麻籽粒离散元仿真参数标定与排种试验验证

为借助离散单元法优化胡麻机械化生产装备提供胡麻基本参数,该文对甘肃省普遍种植的定亚22号、陇亚10号、陇亚13号3种胡麻籽粒通过试验法测定了胡麻籽粒的基本物理参数（3个方向尺寸、质量密度、体积密度、泊松比、千粒重、含水率、弹性模量）和接触力学参数（恢复系数、静摩擦系数）;通过调整胡麻模型的滚动摩擦系数条件下形成的胡麻堆积角逼近胡麻实际堆积角方法,预测胡麻滚动摩擦系数。结果表明：定亚22号胡麻滚动摩擦系数为0.041 5、陇亚10号为0.042 5、陇亚13号为0.042 0。探讨了胡麻堆积角形成过程中滚动摩擦系数对胡麻与底板接触数量、胡麻动能和重力势能影响变化规律,结果表明：随着滚动摩擦系数的减少,胡麻与底板的接触数量增加,胡麻种群的转动动能呈先增加后减小的变化趋势;减小胡麻滚动摩擦系数,其转动动能增加。通过设计的异型窝眼轮排种仿真和大田试验可知,胡麻平均穴粒数为9.5粒,标准差为1.5粒;大田试验的平均穴粒数为9粒,标准差为1粒。仿真和试验结果的穴粒数平均值的相对误差为5.26%,基本满足西北旱区胡麻播种机械设计参数优化需求。     

机收麻山药离散元模型构建及其仿真参数标定

由于麻山药收获过程缺乏有效数值模拟,在很大程度上阻碍了麻山药收获机的设计与优化。该文测定了麻山药的密度、长度、径向尺寸、抗压、抗弯及抗剪强度,基于离散元法建立了麻山药双峰分布模型,并对黏结参数进行校核;以土壤堆积角为响应值,对沙壤土基质间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数和表面能4个参数进行标定,建立了土壤堆积角与4个参数之间的回归模型并进行验证,标定了麻山药与钢板、沙壤土间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数和滚动摩擦因数。试验结果表明,麻山药双峰分布模型能够表征麻山药的力学特性,参数校核得到法向刚度、切向刚度、临界法向应力、临界切向应力及黏结半径分别为9.3×105 N/m、3.0×106 N/m、0.58 MPa、0.14 MPa、3.5 mm;沙壤土基质间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数、滚动摩擦因数及表面能分别为0.42、0.20、0.30、0.40 J/m3,离散元仿真试验后得到的土壤堆积角与试验结果平均误差为1.48%;麻山药与钢板之间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数及滚动摩擦因数分别为0.34、0.26、0.049,与沙壤土之间的碰撞恢复系数、静摩擦因数及滚动摩擦因数分别为0.21、0.38、0.075。研究结果可为麻山药机械化收获及产后加工等仿真试验提供一定的理论参考。     

APEX模型在淮河流域中上游的适宜性研究

探讨了APEX（Agricultural Policy／Environmental eXtender）模型在淮河流域中上游的适宜性。将APEX模型用于淮河流域中上游监测资料较匮乏的3个径流小区,用日径流／产沙的实测值和模拟值校正和验证模型,用校正过的模型评价不同土地管理措施的长期水土保持效益（1981～2005）。在模型校正阶段,3个小区日径流量和产沙量的平均百分误差绝对值（APE）小于20％,平均纳希-苏特克利夫有效系数（EF）大于0．6,平均尺。大于0．7;在模型验证阶段,3个小区日径流量和产沙量的平均APE小于12％,平均EF大于0．5,平均R^2大于0．7,APEX模型可模拟出径流、产沙的日变异。在水土保持效益评价结果中,与对照（休闲地）相比,管理措施2（林地-水平沟）的径流量平均减少37％,产沙量平均减少89％,管理措施1（林草混交-水平梯田）的水土保持效益要略低于管理措施2,构建水平沟、水平梯田以及增加地表植被是控制该地区水土流失的有效措施。研究结果表明：APEX模型适应性强,可用于预测和评价淮河流域中上游不同土地管理措施下的水土流失,这为资料匮乏地区研究土壤侵蚀提供了一种新的思路和工具。     

基于ARCGIS的土壤空间数据校正辅助软件的设计与实现

本文针对目前土壤普查项目中土壤空间数据校正难问题,运用ARCGIS中的VBA语言,设计了数据校正辅助系统,系统除了能自动将测土数据导入成矢量文件外,还结合1：5万县级乡镇行政图标出所有空间位置有问题的观测点,达到数据校正的目的。该系统是在ARCGIS中实现的,操作简单,扩展性能强,不需要太多的GIS专业知识,是农业技术人员土壤普查数据研究中进行空间数据校正的好帮手。     

APEX模型在淮河流域中上游的适宜性研究

探讨了APEX(Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender)模型在淮河流域中上游的适宜性。将APEX模型用于淮河流域中上游监测资料较匮乏的3个径流小区,用日径流/产沙的实测值和模拟值校正和验证模型,用校正过的模型评价不同土地管理措施的长期水土保持效益(1981~2005)。在模型校正阶段,3个小区日径流量和产沙量的平均百分误差绝对值(APE)小于20%,平均纳希-苏特克利夫有效系数(EF)大于0.6,平均R2大于0.7;在模型验证阶段,3个小区日径流量和产沙量的平均APE小于12%,平均EF大于0.5,平均R2大于0.7,APEX模型可模拟出径流、产沙的日变异。在水土保持效益评价结果中,与对照(休闲地)相比,管理措施2(林地-水平沟)的径流量平均减少37%,产沙量平均减少89%,管理措施1(林草混交-水平梯田)的水土保持效益要略低于管理措施2,构建水平沟、水平梯田以及增加地表植被是控制该地区水土流失的有效措施。研究结果表明:APEX模型适应性强,可用于预测和评价淮河流域中上游不同土地管理措施下的水土流失,这为资料匮乏地区研究土壤侵蚀提供了一种新的思路和工具。     

Comparison of multivariate models and variable selection algorithms for rapid analysis of the chemical composition of field crops

This study evaluates the use of visible and near-infrared spectroscopy for rapid prediction of total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus concentrations in field crop samples. Two multivariate models (partial least squares regression and support vector machine regression) were compared. In addition, four spectral variable selection algorithms (competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, genetic algorithm, uninformative variable elimination, and variable importance for projection) were applied with support vector machine regression to determine the most accurate predictions. The results showed that support vector machine regression performed better than partial least squares regression for predicting the three chemical compositions. The combination of competitive adaptive reweighted sampling and support vector machine regression outperformed the other models for the predictions of total carbon and total nitrogen with high coefficients of determination of 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. For the determination of total phosphorus, the prediction accuracy of competitive adaptive reweighted sampling was comparable with the best result obtained from genetic algorithm with the coefficients of determination of 0.73 and 0.77, respectively. In conclusion, the support vector machine regression combined with competitive adaptive reweighted sampling has great potential to accurately determine the chemical composition of field crops using the visible and near-infrared spectroscopy.     

Radiometric pooled faecal culture for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in low-shedder cattle

OBJECTIVE: To identify the optimum pooling rate for pooled faecal culture (PFC) as a diagnostic tool in bovine Johne's disease control, for detection of cattle shedding low concentrations of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (Map). METHOD: Thirteen target animals were selected by delayed growth of Map from initial individual radiometric faecal cultures (first growth index at 5 weeks or later). A procedure based on radiometric culture and IS900 polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis confirmation was then used for PFC. RESULTS: Eight samples (stored for up to 17 months at -80 degrees C) yielded Map on subsequent culture, either from undiluted faeces or those mixed with normal cattle faeces at dilution rates from 1 in 5 to 1 in 50. From a regression equation, culture-positive animals were considered to be shedding relatively low levels of Map (< 6 x 10(4)/g of faeces). Pooling dilutions of more than 1 in 5 reduced PFC sensitivity. A minimum incubation period of 10 weeks at a dilution of 1 in 5 is recommended to detect such infected cattle. This pooling rate in radiometric culture is probably capable of detecting cattle shedding < or = 5 x 10(3) Map organisms/g of faeces, representing an estimated inoculum per culture vial of fewer than 20 viable organisms. CONCLUSION: Map was detected in more than 50% of the stored faecal samples from cattle shedding low concentrations of the organism. A pooling rate of 5 samples per pool is required to reliably detect infected low-shedder cattle using PFC based on radiometric culture.