棒曲霉素控制技术及检测方法研究进展

系统阐述了棒曲霉素的的理化性质,分析了国内外对棒曲霉素检测、去除及降解技术研究的现状及存在问题,提出了我国目前应着力解决的关键技术性问题:①建立食品中棒曲霉素的全程控制技术体系,从源头做起,在食品生产的不同阶段嵌入关键控制技术,实现全程监测、预警及控制;②建立棒曲霉素的现场快速检测方法及监测技术体系,为实时控制提供基础数据;③进一步研究完善食品中棒曲霉素的安全去除技术方法;④研究开发食品中棒曲霉素安全的降解技术,构建降解与去除相耦合的新型工艺技术体系。     

Defining the validity of a biochemical index of soil quality

 The native soils of Galicia (NW Spain) exhibit a biochemical equilibrium such that total soil N is a function of five biochemical and microbiological parameters: microbial biomass C, mineralized N, phosphomonoesterase, β-glucosidase and urease activities. To investigate whether the ratio of the total N calculated from biochemical soil properties (Nc) and the total N as measured by the Kjeldahl method (Nk; Nc/Nk) can be used as an index of soil quality, we determined these variables and consequently the ratio in three kinds of disturbed soils: an artificially Cu-contaminated soil, two lignite mine soils, and a number of arable soils. In none of the studied soils did the individual biochemical parameters respond consistently to the factors influencing soil quality, but in all cases soil degradation was reflected by the Nc/Nk value, which differed more or less markedly from 100%. Nc/Nk can therefore be used for the rapid evaluation of soil degradation, since it distinguishes among biochemically balanced soils, soils in a transient state of high microbiological and biochemical activity and degraded soils. It can also serve as a reliable basis for the rapid calculation of the "ecological dose" (ED₅₀) of soil pollutants. The use of Nc/Nk as an objective index of the biochemical quality of soils is recommended. Received: 20 December 1998     

淹水土壤中久效磷的降解及消失动态

本试验在实验室模拟土壤淹水条件下,研究微生物对久效磷残留及降解的影响。结果表明:在未经灭菌的土壤中,久效磷及其降解物的消失比在灭菌土壤中快,相应的回归方程为C_WT=5.4502e~(-0.0254)t,C_YT=5.8509—0.0423t,残留半衰期分别为27.3和69.2天。久效磷在淹水土壤中降解为甲醇可抽提态和不可抽提态残留物,对甲醇可抽提态残留物经TLC和红外光谱分析表明,其降解物为磷酸三酯、N-去甲基久效磷、O,O-二甲基乙烯基磷酸酯,0-去甲基久效磷,以及O,C-去甲基久效磷,但主要为磷酸三酯,其含量由母液中的5％增加到28—83％,这种降解过程,在未灭菌土壤中比在灭菌土壤中快。     

不同利用方式下红壤内在性质的演化

对六个不同利用方式的红壤退化试验小区的理化、生物学性质进行了分析,结果表明:随着植被的退化,水土流失加剧,土壤容重增加,孔度减小,结构性变差;从常绿阔叶林→草地→裸露地,有机质、全氮、土壤微生物量及其酶活性也都随之下降,而CEC含量和多酚氧化酶变化却不稳定。     

Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and the implication for indicating desertification

Some of the effects of land desertification on soil properties are manifested by the coarsening of the soil particlesize distribution (PSD) and the losses in organic C and nutrients. The changes and characteristics of PSD and selected chemical properties in soils at the 0-15 cm plough layer from different degrees of desertified croplands are analyzed in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The fractal dimension of the PSD is emanated to characterize the patterns of PSD. The relationships between the fractal dimension of the PSD and selected soil properties are discussed. The results show that: (1) in the transformation from potential desertified cropland to extremely desertified cropland, the sand content at the 0-15 cm soil increased from 69% to 93%, organic C and total N contents decreased by 65% and 69%, respectively; (2) the fractal dimension of PSD ranged from 2.179 to 2.611, the more the contents of sand, the lower the fractal dimension and the higher the desertified degree of farmland. In the desertification process within the studied area, the mean fractal dimension decreased from 2.555 for the potential desertified soils to 2.298 for extremely desertified soils; (3) there existed considerable linear relationships between fractal dimension and soil properties. It was shown that fractal dimensions of PSD are useful parameters able to monitor soil degradation and to estimate the degree of soil desertification.     

紫色土退化旱地的肥力恢复与重建

常规耕作的水土流失造成紫色土坡耕地土层浅薄化、土壤养分贫瘠化、土壤干旱化及土壤结构劣化等土壤肥力退化问题。 1 984～ 1 996年长期田间试验结果表明 ,聚土免耕通过垄沟网状结构可保持水土 ,其多年平均径流与土壤侵蚀模数分别为 65 7.7m3hm- 2 和5 30 .0tkm- 2 ,而常规耕作的相应值分别为 1 75 4 .0m3hm- 2 和 31 2 2 .0tkm- 2 ,通过聚土与改土结合 ,聚土免耕活土层厚度平均增加 1 1 .8cm ,聚土免耕耕作技术还通过垄沟强化培肥降低土壤容重 ,增加土壤有机质及N、P、K含量 ,改善土壤理化性状 ,恢复土壤肥力。聚土免耕作物产量比平作高 1 5 %～ 30 %。 1 996～ 1 998年秸秆覆盖实验结果表明 ,秸秆覆盖增加土壤有机质和养分含量 ,改善并维持土壤结构。聚土免耕与秸秆覆盖结合有利于土壤养分活化、土壤结构形成与维护 ,是紫色土退化旱地肥力恢复与重建的关键技术。     

低丘红壤旱地水分问题及其解决途径研究进展

阐述了低丘红壤旱地的季节性干旱和土壤物理性退化等导致的水分问题 ,总结了一些实际可行的减缓水分问题的有效措施 ,如 :农林复合生态系统的构建、植被覆盖、合理轮作、以肥调水、灌溉系统和改良土壤结构等。并在回顾有关研究的基础上 ,对低丘红壤区水分问题的研究和解决途径提出展望     

金沙江干热河谷区退化土壤结构的分形特征研究

分形理论是近年来兴起的一种新的研究工具。分析结果表明 :土壤粒径分布的分形维数能客观地反映退化土壤的结构状况和退化程度 ,可作为退化土壤结构评价的一项综合性定量指标。退化土壤的分形维数与土壤颗粒组成和微团聚体组成之间存在着明显的相关性。土壤中 <0 .0 0 1mm粘粒含量越高 ,>0 .2 5 mm团粒含量越低 ,则分形维数越高 ,结构性越差。对于同一土壤退化系列 ,分形维数越高 ,土壤退化越严重。     

超声波降解微量氯仿研究

探讨了超声波降解管网水中微量氯仿的可行性 ,并初步研究了超声波对氯仿去除的反应级数以及pH值的变化 ;着重研究了影响超声作用效果的三个主要因素 :超声频率、超声功率、溶液初始浓度 ,得到不同条件下的最优化反应条件。实验中超声波去除管网水中微量氯仿的最优条件为 :频率 83kHz、电功率 60W、初始浓度 64× 10 - 6 g L。     

土地退化/恢复中土壤可蚀性动态变化

利用EPIC公式计算了不同开垦和退耕年限的土壤可蚀性K值,对黄土高原典型自然恢复区子午岭林区土地退化/恢复过程中土壤可蚀性的动态变化进行了系统的研究。结果表明：土地开垦后,土壤颗粒向粗骨化方向发展,有机碳含量降低,土壤可蚀性逐渐增强;土地退耕过程中,土壤有机碳含量逐渐增加,肥力水平提高,可蚀性逐渐减小;土壤中有机碳含量、全氮含量、水稳性团聚体含量以及团聚度与土壤可蚀性K值相关最为密切;土壤可蚀性的强弱本质上取决于土壤有机碳含量,恢复植被以提高土壤有机质含量,促进土壤团聚体的形成,增强土壤团聚度,是降低土壤可蚀性能的重要途径。