生物食诱剂对山东省莒南县花生田夜蛾科成虫监测与诱杀效果的初步评价

在山东莒南县花生田利用生物食诱剂和性诱剂对常见夜蛾科害虫成虫进行虫情监测,并对食诱剂防控夜蛾科害虫的效果进行研究。食诱剂和性诱剂监测结果表明,花生田棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、黄地老虎、小地老虎等夜蛾科害虫成虫的发生高峰期均出现在7月12日;性诱剂仅能诱捕到雄性成虫,食诱剂可同时诱捕到雌性和雄性成虫,其诱捕到的棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、地老虎雌雄比分别为1∶0.68、1∶5、1∶3和1∶1.4。食诱剂撒施、化学防治、食诱剂诱捕盒技术与化学防治组合处理后第10天花生叶片受害率分别为9.51%、6.73%、6.24%,百株虫量较对照降低68.68%、76.39%、85.87%,食诱剂诱捕盒技术与化学防治组合应用防控效果优良。     

基于TVDI指数的冬小麦旱情动态研究——以河北省邢台市为例

以重大干旱年份2010年为例,采用冬小麦生长期的MODIS数据,提取邢台市归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度数据(LST),计算温度植被干旱指数(TVDI),制定农业干旱监测等级,利用该指标对邢台市2010年重大旱情进行分析,并利用降水数据和20 cm土壤湿度数据进行结果验证。结果显示:利用MOD11A2数据反演的地表温度与实测地表温度对比平均误差为0.295℃,反演结果能够代替实地温度进行计算;利用实测20 cm深度土壤相对湿度数据与该地区计算的TVDI值做线性拟合,拟合度R2最高为清河县站点0.722,最低是任县站点0.598,整体效果较好;从验证结果来看,TVDI能够较好地反映出邢台市整体的实际旱情。邢台市2010年冬小麦主要生长阶段中返青拔节阶段整体旱情等级较高,而且出现大面积重旱区域,进入抽穗阶段重旱区域减少,正常或湿润区域范围扩大,整体旱情减轻。     

Recreational sea fishing in Europe in a global context—Participation rates,fishing effort,expenditure, and implications for monitoring and assessment

Marine recreational fishing (MRF) is a high‐participation activity with large economic value and social benefits globally, and it impacts on some fish stocks. Although reporting MRF catches is a European Union legislative requirement, estimates are only available for some countries. Here, data on numbers of fishers, participation rates, days fished, expenditures, and catches of two widely targeted species were synthesized to provide European estimates of MRF and placed in the global context. Uncertainty assessment was not possible due to incomplete knowledge of error distributions; instead, a semi‐quantitative bias assessment was made. There were an estimated 8.7 million European recreational sea fishers corresponding to a participation rate of 1.6%. An estimated 77.6 million days were fished, and expenditure was €5.9 billion annually. There were higher participation, numbers of fishers, days fished and expenditure in the Atlantic than the Mediterranean, but the Mediterranean estimates were generally less robust. Comparisons with other regions showed that European MRF participation rates and expenditure were in the mid‐range, with higher participation in Oceania and the United States, higher expenditure in the United States, and lower participation and expenditure in South America and Africa. For both northern European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, Moronidae) and western Baltic cod (Gadus morhua, Gadidae) stocks, MRF represented 27% of the total removals. This study highlights the importance of MRF and the need for bespoke, regular and statistically sound data collection to underpin European fisheries management. Solutions are proposed for future MRF data collection in Europe and other regions to support sustainable fisheries management.     

基于云空间的近江牡蛎养殖监控系统设计

针对近江牡蛎养殖中自动化程度低、成本高等问题,提出一种基于云空间设计近江牡蛎养殖监控系统。以STM32F103为底层控制核心,通过YS8166B、SIN-D0530和超声波模块实时采集海水的p H、溶氧(DO)、温度和深度,并通过nRF24L01以无线方式发送到上位机。上位机采用C#多线程通信程序与云空间进行交互。系统采用ASP动态技术云空间,通过轻量级数据交换格式JSON与上位机、用户进行快速通信,利用AJAX实现无刷新显示。用户通过智能手机可以随时随地访问云空间,掌握养殖现场的实时信息,并结合云空间嵌入的本地天气信息,对浮排电机、增氧机、投饲机进行远程控制。结果表明:系统具有成本低廉、稳定可靠、响应快速等优点。基于云空间的监控系统为近江牡蛎养殖智能化提供了一种新方法。     

National Park stewardship and ‘vital signs’ monitoring: a case study from Channel Islands National Park,California

• 1. Place‐based conservation strategies require that stewards know and understand the targeted ecosystems, restore impaired resources, protect the ecosystems, and connect people wholeheartedly to the places. Knowledge of ecosystem structure and functioning is the cornerstone of stewardship.
• 2. This paper describes the design, implementation, and application of an ecological monitoring programme in Channel Islands National Park, California, USA. Experience from this programme showed that monitoring ecological ‘vital signs’ was a quick, sure, and inexpensive way to discover and track ecosystem dynamics.
• 3. Monitoring ecological ‘vital signs’ determined status and trends of ecosystem integrity and established limits of normal variation of key ecosystem features. It also provided early warnings of situations that required intervention and helped frame research questions to determine chains of cause and consequence.
• 4. The strong influence and probabilistic nature of biological interactions in ecosystems precluded effective use of deterministic modelling to predict ecosystem behaviour accurately. Therefore, ongoing monitoring was required to increase knowledge of system dynamics reliably. The US National Park Service has begun to identify and monitor the ecological ‘vital signs’ in 32 networks of 270 parks.

Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

遥感监测土壤含水率模型及精度分析

土壤含水率是决定农作物产量的最重要的因素之一.该文通过对2003年10月到2005年3月宝鸡峡二支渠灌区的土壤含水率进行实地调查,并对TM5和TM7波段数据进行归一化处理,再与参考点归一化土壤湿度指数求差后,建立遥感影像对土壤含水率的监测模型.并以2005年6月28日遥感影像为例,用建立的模型对土壤含水率进行定量反演.结果表明,反演精度可达80%以上,反演效果最好的土壤深度是0～40 cm.应用此归一化土壤湿度指数模型监测土壤含水率,可以满足灌区大范围宏观监测要求.     

北京市土壤侵蚀监测方法探讨

 为了科学定量评价北京市土壤侵蚀状况,通过北京市地面水土流失监测网络,开展水土流失定点观测,研究北京市土壤侵蚀监测的评价方法。结果表明：利用大量实测资料,基于美国通用土壤流失方程建立的北京土壤流失方程,可以作为北京市土壤侵蚀调查的模型工具;基T GIS和降雨侵蚀力模型的年度土壤侵蚀量推算方法,可作为从小区尺度转换到区域尺度的一种方法;由于网格法没有考虑水土保持措施因子,调查得到的土壤侵蚀量结果比采用抽样调查法得到的结果偏大。北京市土壤侵蚀监测方法的研究可为区域水土流失定量评价和动态监测提供借鉴作用。     

Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) abundance within the Firth of Tay and Eden Estuary,Scotland: recent trends and extrapolation to extinction

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基于水声技术的黄海近海鱼类活动定点监测研究

为了研究黄海近海鱼类活动规律,采用自主研制的科研型鱼探仪于2015年11月22日至12月5日对调查海域的鱼类活动进行了首次声学调查,统计分析鱼类活动规律。在调查海域布放4套鱼探仪设备对鱼类进行定点长时间监测,并将采集到的鱼类回波数据利用水声技术进行分析和处理,得到调查海域单体鱼类目标强度在垂直方向上的分布、鱼类目标强度大小的分布以及鱼类在不同水层和不同时间段的活动情况。结果显示,调查海域冬季鱼类主要活动在4~10 m的中上水层,鱼类分布随着水层深度的逐步增加而急剧减少;从9∶00至13∶00鱼类活动频度呈增大趋势,并在13∶00至14∶00频度达到顶峰(约为38%),随后频度减弱;统计得到该海域鱼类目标强度主要以-49~-40 d B占比最高,目标强度大于-40 d B的鱼类均匀分布在整个水层,目标强度小于-40 d B的鱼类主要分布在4~10 m浅水层。研究表明,采用水声技术能够实现对鱼类活动的监测;调查海域的鱼类目标强度分布比较集中,鱼类在深度上的分布主要集中于中上水层,鱼类在不同时间段的活动情况随水温变化而变化,温度升高鱼类活动频度增加,反之则降低。由此可知,该海域鱼类的种类以暖水物种为主。     

干旱胁迫对3种冷季型草坪草光谱反射率及生理特征的影响

为探讨高光谱分析技术在草坪草水分监测上的应用,以草地早熟禾、高羊茅、多年生黑麦草为试验材料,测定了干旱胁迫下3种冷季型草坪草生理指标及光谱反射率。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,供试草坪草叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量显著下降(P0.05),丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量及敏感波段的(550和760 nm)的光谱反射率显著上升(P0.05),3种草坪草抗旱性能的强弱顺序为:高羊茅多年生黑麦草草地早熟禾。3种草坪草敏感波段光谱反射率(R_(550 nm),R_(760 nm))及高光谱参数(Rg,R0,GNDVI)与生理指标间呈显著或极显著相关,以R_(550 nm)与生理指标间的相关系数绝对值最大。同时R_(550 nm)构建了供试草坪草生理指标的估测模型,经检验,模型估测值与实测值相关性达显著或极显著水平。