三江源区高寒草原土壤湿度变化特征及与气候因子的关系

利用青海省三江源区兴海县牧业气象站1999-2016年高寒草原土壤湿度、牧草生育期资料,分析了高寒草原土壤湿度的年、季变化特征以及牧草生长季不同生育期土壤湿度的变化特征及与气候因子的关系。结果表明:高寒草原0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和40-50 cm土壤湿度均随年际延长呈增加趋势,春季除40-50 cm土层外,其他各层土壤湿度均随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),且与生长季降水量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。随着气候变化,牧草抽穗、开花、成熟和枯黄期的土壤相对湿度随年际延长呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05)。牧草抽穗期、枯黄和全生育期的土壤湿度与气温呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。高寒草原牧草生长季土壤湿度的增加有利于草地植被生长。     

水分条件对巴音布鲁克高寒湿地CO_2排放的影响

在新疆天山中部巴音布鲁克天鹅湖高寒湿地,以苔草(Carex tristachya)为主要建群种的样地为研究对象,利用英国PP-systems公司生产的便携式土壤呼吸测定系统(CIRAS-2-SRC)研究了不同地表水分条件对天鹅湖高寒湿地夏季土壤CO2排放的影响。结果表明,1)湿润区的生物量大于干燥区;干燥区土壤CO2排放高于湿润区,干燥区土壤CO2排放日变化曲线为单峰曲线,CO2排放最高点出现在当地14:00-16:00,最高值为1.185 0g CO2·m-2·h-1;湿润区土壤CO2排放日变化曲线为双峰曲线,两个峰值分别出现在12:00和16:00,最高值为1.024 0g CO2·m-2·h-1。2)不同水分条件下生物量中凋落物含量影响土壤CO2排放。土壤温度是CO2排放的主要限制因子,且地表干燥区CO2排放与土壤温度的相关性更显著(P0.01)。土壤湿度与CO2排放相关性不显著(P湿润区=0.997,P干燥区=0.409)。     

TRMM降水数据在省级尺度的应用研究——以辽宁省为例

利用1998年1月~2010年12月空间连续分布的TRMM卫星3B43月降水量资料,借助气候倾向率指数和GIS空间分析技术,以辽宁省为例,对TRMM数据在省级尺度的适用性进行验证,并对辽宁省近13年来降水时空分布及其变化特征进行定量化分析。结果表明,TRMM降水数据与观测数据之间的线性相关性很高,数据具有较高的精度;辽宁省年降水量主要为425~1 082 mm,且总体上表现为由全区东南向西北依次递减的趋势;年内降水主要集中在5~9月,该时期的降水量占全年降水总量的70%以上,其中,7月份的降水量最大,为全年降水量的20%,而2月份最小,不足全年降水量的2%,季节性变化明显;近13年间,辽宁省平均年降水量总体上呈增加趋势,但在夏季降水量呈现减少的趋势,其中辽西区和辽中区尤为明显,说明近13年来这些地区春夏连旱的现象比较严重。     

彭水县烟叶化学成分协调性不同年份间变异分析

为掌握重庆市彭水县烟叶协调性的时间变异特征,对2005—2014年上(B2F)、中(C3F)、下(X2F)部烟叶的协调性指标进行分析。结果表明:在彭水烟区烟叶钾氯比和两糖差变异系数较大,两糖比年度间变异最小,而其他化学成分含量的变异幅度在30%以内。从不同年份部位间变异来看,各化学成分及协调性指标均有逐渐稳定的趋势。从不同部位间对比来看,上部叶各化学成分协调性指标年度间变异总体上大于中、下部叶。     

网球体能训练重点的决策研究

为了能科学地确定训练的重点，为网球教练员和运动员训练决策提供依据。综合使用测试法、变异系数和TOPSIS法对浙江省现役网球运动员体能的测试数据进行处理。结果：男队训练重点排序为：力量、爆发力、灵敏、速度、耐力；同理，女队训练重点的排序为：力量、爆发力、灵敏、耐力、速度；最后对每位运动员亟待加强指标进行排序。结论：变异系数和TOPSIS法计算的结果简单明了，节省资源，适宜不同专项、不同训练指标的训练过程的有效监控。     

超甜玉米子粒果皮柔嫩度的变化规律

为了探讨超甜玉米果皮柔嫩度在子粒发育进程中的变化规律,以10份超甜玉米自交系为材料,采用硬度计法测定子粒发育过程中果皮柔嫩度值,分析果皮柔嫩度在不同环境条件下的变化。结果表明,10份参试材料在果皮柔嫩度上存在梯度差异,其中PE10果皮柔嫩性最好,T105中等,S33205最差;在湖北武汉(2014年春)、海南陵水(2014年冬)两种环境下,在授粉后第12~24天,PE10、T105、S33205的果皮柔嫩度值均呈上升趋势,且各测定时间点的柔嫩度均值由大到小的顺序均为S33205、T105、PE10;随着子粒的发育,相同材料在不同环境条件下果皮柔嫩度差异呈现先增大后缩小最后又趋于一致的规律;2014年湖北武汉春季与海南陵水冬季相比,同一材料最适采收期相差4 d,但最适采收期的果皮柔嫩度值差异不显著,说明环境改变会影响果皮嫩度变化速率,但果皮柔嫩度的好坏本质上仍决定于材料本身。     

Reducing crude protein variability and maximizing savings when formulating corn-soybean meal-based feeds

Crude protein in corn and soybean meal have been documented to vary, and such inherent variability can result in under- or over-feeding of CP when feeds are formulated, leading to reduced bird growth, added input costs, and increased environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to compare 2 grain-handling techniques and 2 feed formulation methods (linear vs. stochastic programming) to reduce CP variability in finished feeds and determine resulting costs or savings. The 2 grain-handling techniques were placing all the random batches of each delivered ingredient in to (1) a single bin (1-bin method) or (2) segregating above- and below-average samples into 2 bins (2-bin method). A fast way of estimating the composition of the ingredients is now available (near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy). Microsoft Excel workbooks were constructed to solve broiler starter feed formulation problems. Formulating feeds by linear and stochastic models based on the 2-bin method reduced CP variability by at least 50% compared with the 1-bin method. Formula cost was reduced by ˜20 cents per ton (averages of August 2012 United States ingredient prices) when the 2-bin method was used with the linear model. Formulating feed with a margin of safety increased formula cost by $3.40 per ton. Stochastic feed formulation increased formula cost to meet the specified CP level in feed at any probability of success, and formula cost was reduced substantially with the 2-bin method (up to $6.47 per ton). The magnitude of savings and reduced feed variability suggested that, regardless of the costs associated with building extra bins, the 2-bin method can be economically efficient in the long run. Therefore, it could be possible to split the batches of feed ingredients at a feed mill into above- or below-average bins before feed formulation to reduce CP variability and to maximize savings.     

Regional distribution of wheat yield and chemical fertilizer requirements in China

Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.     

木棉雄蕊特征与其繁殖策略的关系分析

采用野外观察和实验室检测方法,对云南省个旧市冷墩村的木棉花部结构、雄蕊特征、花粉活性进行研究。结果表明,自然种群中花部形态特征具有一定变异性,3层雄蕊变异系数大小关系显著。在湿度为60%、温度为35℃时花粉活性最强。研究发现,木棉雄蕊长短变化可能有利于不同传粉生物传粉效率提高和增强适应性;木棉高层雄蕊花药个体大、花粉数量多、活性高,适应干热河谷传粉繁殖条件;温度较低时,底层花药花粉活力相对较高,可为逆境环境下木棉高层花药受损后提供后备花粉源。文章就木棉花部形态与繁殖关系、木棉形态及花粉活力对繁殖的影响进行讨论。