宁夏农村面源污染现状调查分析结果初报

通过调查监测,宁夏农村面源污染的主要来源集中体现在化肥污染、农药污染、畜禽粪便污染、农膜污染及农村生活污染5个方面,但其影响和污染主要表现在对水环境和土壤环境的污染上。其中,对水环境的污染形式则是通过地表径流和地下淋溶把过剩的氮、磷、有机农药、无机盐等带到地表水和地下水中,致使地表水富营养化,破环水生态环境,鱼虾难以生存。对土壤环境的污染形式是通过农业投入品超量施入,在改变土壤物理性状、破环土壤通透性、造成土壤板结、粘结的同时,造成重金属离子和病原菌的积累,给农产品质量安全带来危害。     

家禽诊疗文本多实体关系联合抽取模型研究

针对传统实体关系抽取方法中主体特征与句向量难以有效融合、现有BIO标注策略难以有效处理重叠关系的问题,提出一种基于BERT和双重指针标注的家禽疾病诊疗文本实体关系联合抽取模型(Joint extraction of entity relationship of poultry disease diagnosis and...     

面向市场需求的林科特色材料专业人才培养

首先分析市场需求对林科特色材料专业人才培养的重要性,认为林科特色材料专业人才培养需要注重与产业、地域和学科交叉等相匹配,最后预测林科特色材料专业毕业生将在功能与结构生物质材料、胶黏剂与涂料和新兴复合材料等方面形成具有林科特色材料专业的新市场。     

飞船返回舱高海况打捞设备电液控制系统

飞船返回舱高海况打捞设备是我国载人航天工程着陆场系统海上应急救生的重要设备,是解决恶劣海况条件下飞船返回舱的打捞方法和系统装备协调控制问题。通过系统研究与试验,完善了打捞方法与系统装备。系统采用现代液压传动与计算机PLVC编程控制,设计系统报警与故障诊断功能,通过集中监控系统,解决了复杂系统内各种设备的协调操作与自动控制问题;通过电气、液压与CAN-Bus通讯技术的集成,满足了恶劣海况条件下打捞返回舱的各系统设备安全运行和高可靠性的要求。系统设备经过了多次模拟返回舱打捞试验,验证了该项目打捞方法合理可行,系统设备安全可靠。     

发病仿刺参细菌的分离鉴定和生长特性的研究

从发病仿刺参中分离到5株菌,分别为痢疾志贺氏菌、有毒威克斯菌、奥斯陆莫拉氏菌、缺陷短波单胞菌和动物溃疡伯杰氏菌.经革兰氏染色和胞外酶活性剂生理生化特性的研究,确定了痢疾志贺氏菌、有毒威克斯菌、奥斯陆莫拉氏菌、缺陷短波单胞菌和动物溃疡伯杰氏菌的最佳生长条件分别是:35 ℃,pH 9,盐质量分数5%;25 ℃,pH 7,盐质量分数5%;25 ℃,pH 7,盐质量分数1%;25 ℃,pH 7,盐质量分数3%;35 ℃,pH 7,盐质量分数3%.能分解淀粉和蛋白,不能分解酯类.     

Effects of dietary protein to carbohydrate ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Siluriformes, Bagridae, Pelteobagrus)

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protein to carbohydrate ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco . Nine diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (30%, 36% and 42%), each with three carbohydrate levels (24%, 30% and 36%). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 20 fish (initial mean body weight: 8.24±0.20 g) in indoor flow – through fibreglass tanks. The experiment continued for 8 weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate were similar for the fish fed the 36% and 42% protein diets but higher than that fed the 30% protein diet. At the 36% protein level, carbohydrate contents varying from 24% to 36% ( P / E ratio of 24.0–28.2 mg protein kJ⁻¹) had no significant effects on growth performance and feed utilization ( P >0.05). Protein efficiency ratio tended to increase with dietary carbohydrate level at the same protein level. Dietary treatments significantly influenced body composition ( P <0.05), but not the condition factor, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and intraperitoneal fat ratio ( P >0.05). Based on these observations, 36% protein and 24–36% carbohydrate with the P / E ratio of 24.0–28.2 mg protein kJ⁻¹ seemed suitable for optimal growth and feed utilization, and carbohydrate could cause protein-sparing effect in diets for juvenile yellow catfish.     

Predicting the age of fish using general and generalized linear models of biometric data: A case study of two estuarine finfish from New South Wales, Australia

Direct ageing of fish can be a laborious and expensive task when age estimates from a large population are required, and often involves a degree of subjectivity. This study examined the application of general and generalized linear models that predict the age of fish from a range of efficiently and objectively measured covariates. The data sampled were from yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis (Sparidae) (Owen, 1853)) and sand whiting (Sillago ciliata (Sillaginidae) Cuvier, 1829) populations from New South Wales, Australia. The covariates evaluated in the models were fish length, otolith weight, sex and location (the estuary from which the fish were sampled). Akaike Information Criteria were used for model selection and residual plots of the final models revealed a satisfactory fit to the observations. The best fitting model for each species included all covariates. An additional investigation considered whether general and generalized linear models that predict age from two different categories of biometric information outperform age-length keys with respect to subsequent estimates of total mortality from catch-curve analysis. The two categories of biometric information differed in the ease and cost with which the information could be collected. The first category only included fish length and location as covariates, whilst the second category also included otolith weight and sex. It was found that traditional age-length keys outperformed the predictive models that estimated age from only fish length and location, because the results from the models were prone to significant bias. However, when otolith weight and sex were added as covariates to the predictive models, some of them, including a generalized linear model with a Poisson-distributed response variable, performed similarly to the age-length key. Given that otolith weight and the sex of fish are cheaper to quantify than age from a sectioned otolith in many situations, general or generalized linear models may represent a cheaper and faster method of estimating mortality compared to age-length keys. Such models can also easily incorporate the influence of spatial, temporal and demographic variation.     

长期施肥下黑土活性氮和有机氮组分变化特征

【目的】研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤活性氮和有机氮组分特征,探讨土壤活性氮和有机氮组分之间的关系,为评价土壤肥力、制定合理施肥措施提供科学依据。【方法】利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验,选取对照（CK,不施肥）、不施氮肥（PK）、单施化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、有机无机肥配施（MNPK）5个处理,采用氯化钾浸提-差减法、氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法和Bremner法分别测定不同处理土壤可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分含量。【结果】长期施用化肥对土壤耕层活性氮和有机氮组分含量无显著影响。单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理较单施化肥处理可溶性有机氮含量分别增加34.7%和56.2%,微生物生物量氮含量分别增加89.8%和144.7%。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施显著增加了酸解铵态氮、酸解氨基酸氮、酸解氨基糖氮和酸解未知氮的含量,增幅分别在23.3%—29.1%、19.2%—33.2%、30.6%—47.6%和20.2%—32.0%,对非酸解氮无显著影响。不同施肥措施下有机氮各形态的分布趋势为非酸解氮＞酸解氨基酸氮＞酸解铵态氮＞酸解未知氮＞酸解氨基糖氮。与单施化肥相比,长期单施有机肥和有机无机肥配合施用处理酸解有机氮占全氮比例有所提高,增幅达6.4%和9.9%。土壤全氮、可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮均与酸解有机氮组分之间均存在显著的正相关关系。在土壤有机氮组分中,酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮对可溶性有机氮和微生物生物量氮的影响最大。【结论】土壤氮素含量的变化与施肥措施密切相关,有机无机肥配施措施能显著增加土壤活性氮和有机氮组分含量,有利于提高土壤氮素供应能力;酸解氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮和酸解铵态氮是土壤活性氮的主要贡献因子。     

芜湖燃煤电厂周边土壤中砷汞的分布特征研究

探讨了芜湖燃煤电厂周边随距电厂水平方向、垂直剖面土壤中砷汞总量及形态分布特征,并分析了土壤中砷汞与理化性质之间的相关性。结果表明:土壤中As、Hg的变幅分别为3.821～19.264mg/kg,0.025～1.696mg/kg,平均含量分别为6.671mg/kg和0.212mg/kg。As、Hg含量总体分布特征为:距电厂1km处最大,距电厂1km距离内次之,距电厂1km以外,随距离增大而减小,其中汞随距离衰减明显。土壤汞含量在东南-西北(SE-NW)主导风向上明显大于东北-西南(NE-SW)非主导风向,而As含量在不同风向上基本无差异;土壤汞含量随剖面深度的增加明显减少,而砷在剖面上的分布规律不明显。土壤中砷主要以硫化物态和残渣态存在,而汞以残渣态和腐殖酸结合态为主。表层土中As、Hg与理化性质之间存在不同程度的相关性。     

联合收获机单神经元PID导航控制器设计与试验

针对联合收获机在田间直线跟踪作业中在维持高割幅率条件下易产生漏割的问题,设计了一种基于单神经元PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation)的联合收获机导航控制器。以轮式联合收获机为平台,通过对原有液压转向机构进行电控液压改装,搭载相关传感器构建了导航硬件系统。开展了常规PID控制和单神经元PID控制的仿真以及实地对比试验,仿真结果表明单神经元PID控制具有超调小和进入稳态快等特点;路面试验表明,当收获机速度为0.7 m/s时,单神经元PID控制最大跟踪偏差为6.10 cm,平均绝对偏差为1.21 cm;田间试验表明,收获机速度为0.7 m/s时,单神经元PID控制田间收获最大跟踪偏差为8.14 cm,平均绝对偏差为3.20 cm。试验表明所设计的联合收获机导航控制器能够满足自动导航收获作业要求,为收获作业自动导航提供了技术参考。