土石坝坝体溢洪道底板动水压力的计算与修正

通过对已有溢流混凝土面板堆石坝模型试验成果的分析,发现当泄槽设置多道掺气挑坎时,由于掺气挑坎对水流的扰动影响,使得泄槽底板上的动水压强分布极不规则,作用于泄槽底板上动水压力的模型试验实测值与计算值相差较大,并随底板在泄槽中所处的位置而变化;根据模型试验实测值与计算值的对比,提出了计算底板动水压力时的修正建议。     

T形三通管计算模型对尾水进口压力和调压室涌浪的影响

针对含尾水调压室的抽水蓄能电站,以特征线法和瞬变流理论为理论基础,在考虑尾水调压室长连接管水体惯性作用及管壁弹性的基础上,在T形三通管节点处分别建立了基于恒定局部水头损失系数、Gardel公式、试验资料的3种计算模型.结合工程实例,应用T形三通管节点处的3种计算模型对水电站的过渡过程进行了数值模拟;采用Gardel公式和试验资料,计算了过渡过程中不同时刻点的局部水头损失系数,研究了不同计算模型对尾水进口压力水头和涌浪水位的影响.结果表明:基于恒定局部水头损失系数的计算模型其阻抗作用最小,对应的尾水进口最小压力和最高涌浪最大;基于试验资料的计算模型其阻抗作用最大,对应的尾水进口最小压力和最高涌浪最小;基于Gardel公式的计算模型次之.     

Assessing the influence of mechanical ventilation on blood gases and blood pressure in rattlesnakes

ObjectiveTo characterize the impact of mechanical positive pressure ventilation on heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, blood gases, lactate, glucose, sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations in rattlesnakes during anesthesia and the subsequent recovery period.Study designProspective, randomized trial.AnimalsTwenty one fasted adult South American rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus terrificus).MethodsSnakes were anesthetized with propofol (15 mg kg⁻¹) intravenously, endotracheally intubated and assigned to one of four ventilation regimens: Spontaneous ventilation, or mechanical ventilation at a tidal volume of 30 mL kg⁻¹ at 1 breath every 90 seconds, 5 breaths minute⁻¹, or 15 breaths minute⁻¹. Arterial blood was collected from indwelling catheters at 30, 40, and 60 minutes and 2, 6, and 24 hours following induction of anesthesia and analyzed for pH, PaO₂, PaCO₂, and selected variables. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and HR were recorded at 30, 40, 60 minutes and 24 hours.ResultsSpontaneous ventilation and 1 breath every 90 seconds resulted in a mild hypercapnia (PaCO₂ 22.4 ± 4.3 mmHg [3.0 ± 0.6 kPa] and 24.5 ± 1.6 mmHg [3.3 ± 0.2 kPa], respectively), 5 breaths minute⁻¹ resulted in normocapnia (14.2 ± 2.7 mmHg [1.9 ± 0.4 kPa]), while 15 breaths minute⁻¹ caused marked hypocapnia (8.2 ± 2.5 mmHg [1.1 ± 0.3 kPa]). Following recovery, blood gases of the four groups were similar from 2 hours. Anesthesia, independent of ventilation was associated with significantly elevated glucose, lactate and potassium concentrations compared to values at 24 hours (p < 0.0001). MAP increased significantly with increasing ventilation frequency (p < 0.001). HR did not vary among regimens.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMechanical ventilation had a profound impact on blood gases and blood pressure. The results support the use of mechanical ventilation with a frequency of 1–2 breaths minute⁻¹ at a tidal volume of 30 mL kg⁻¹ during anesthesia in fasted snakes.     

Climate Aid Will Neither Support Forests nor the Poor: No Hope for Saving the World's Forests

Political themes undergo specific political careers. They enter and leave political agendas. Themes in development policy are, for example, biodiversity, climate change, or deforestation. While political themes change, underlying principles of aid disbursement do not. Currently the discussion on Climate Aid, in particular the reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, puts again the emphasis to deforestation. Deforestation is a prominent theme, often defined as a “forest problem,” by foreign aid policies on forestry. Foresters are once again dubbed as being able to “save the World” all on their own. In fact, it is not them who on decide the priorities of foreign (aid) policy. The decisions made about cooperating countries and thematic areas do not stem from problem pressure. Political factors dominate the program formulation and financing. Analyses of European donors' forest aid reveal that, contrary to what is defined in policies, disbursements to countries, relevant to deforestation, are not prioritized. Also the goal of poverty alleviation is not served. Most of the funds are spent in countries of already relatively high human development. Countries with “rampant” corruption are given handouts as well as small island developing countries. On the basis of these results we can draw conclusions on the ability and efficiency of (future) Climate Aid that is hoped to serve forests and the poor.     

高精度气动比例压力阀设计与特性分析

设计了一种两级阀芯活塞式结构的以比例电磁铁为控制元件,采用电反馈闭环控制的高精度气动比例压力阀。该阀输出压力在0.6MPa内连续可调,且稳态精度可达0.25 kPa。建立了比例阀完整的非线性动态模型,分析了主要物理和几何参数对系统动态特性和控制性能的影响;构建了输出因子调整的模糊自适应比例加积分控制器,并利用ATmega16单片机实现了压力在设定范围内的快速高精度控制。实验结果表明,该阀在设计压力范围内具有良好的压力和流量特性;和传统PI算法相比,输出因子调整的模糊自适应算法在改善系统响应和控制稳定性的同时,显著提高了稳态控制精度,具有较高的效率和鲁棒性。     

遥感与GIS相结合的森林资源信息更新与制图方法研究

目前我国实行的森林经营单位水平上森林资源动态监测主要是通过森林资源规划设计调查 (简称二类调查 )来实现。重点是对森林资源动态、林业经营效果和森林资源监测的综合评价。通常 ,二类调查每 1 0 a复查 1次 ,这种方法所得到的森林资源调查结果可落实到地块 ,也是森林经营单位进行营林生产的重要基础数据 [1 ] 。但是这种常规调查方法也有许多不足之处 ,如 :(1 )复查间隔期长 ,无法及时满足森林经营单位对森林资源变化信息的需求 ;(2 )调查成果多是以报表、文字的形式提交 ,只能建立属性数据库 ,森林资源的空间信息较少通过计算机实现可视…     

Estimation of biomass change in montane forests in Norway along a 1200 km latitudinal gradient using airborne laser scanning: a comparison of direct and indirect prediction of change under a model-based inferential approach

The current study compared two approaches for estimating change of aboveground biomass (AGB) in montane forests in Norway using field- and remotely sensed data from airborne laser scanning (ALS) from two points in time (four-year interval). The first was an indirect method that involved modeling and prediction of AGB at two points in time using ALS metrics as predictors, estimating the change from differences between AGB predictions. The second was a direct method, where change was modeled and predicted directly using differences between corresponding ALS metrics derived at the two measurement occasions as predictors, and the estimate was based on the predicted differences. Both methods were applied over a 1500?km long and 250?m wide transect from south to north in Norway comprising 250?m² grid cells. The results showed that the indirect method was more precise than the direct method. The indirect method estimated 0.65?Mg?ha^?1 change in AGB over the observation period, with a corresponding 95% confidence interval of ±0.27?Mg?ha^?1. The corresponding figures for the direct method was 0.54 and ±0.51?Mg?ha^?1. The direct method has been recommended previously. We conclude that the indirect method is both more precise and versatile.     

基于结构规模的冬小麦种植面积遥感抽样估算

在种植结构复杂地区,由于受到混合像元和同期作物的影响,传统的以规模为分层标志进行冬小麦种植面积遥感估算难以保证抽样效率和精度。该文综合考虑混合像元、同期作物的影响,构建了结构规模指标进行冬小麦种植面积遥感抽样估算。采用TM和QuickBird为研究数据,设计不同的抽样方案估算冬小麦的种植面积,计算标准误差、准确度和变异系数衡量估算精度,与传统简单随机、规模指标分层抽样进行对比分析,验证本文方法的有效性。试验结果表明,以结构规模指标分层抽样的反推结果在各项指标上均明显优于传统简单随机、规模指标分层抽样方式,尤其在小样本量时,标准误差降低2.0×105m2,准确度提升了1%。该研究结果为在大范围种植结构复杂地区进行冬小麦种植面积遥感估算的改进提供了试验依据。     

低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性

初步分析了低扬程泵及泵装置压力脉动的基本规律. 基于浙江姚江上游西排工程排涝泵站立式泵装置不同叶片角度和不同流量时的压力脉动特性模型试验结果,研究泵装置的叶轮室进口、叶轮室出口、导叶体出口和出水流道出口处的压力脉动规律. 从叶轮与导叶之间的水流条件、水泵运行工况等方面,对低扬程泵装置压力脉动进行了初步理论分析,提出了导叶体与叶轮间隙的大小、导叶体的叶片数对低扬程泵装置压力脉动特性的影响等需进一步研究的问题. 从水力因素和水泵制造等方面提出了避免低扬程泵装置压力脉动有害影响的对策:适当加大叶轮与导叶之间的间隙,避免水泵在偏离最优工况较多的条件下运行,提高水泵抗空化性能等;从避免产生共振的角度,提出适当加大叶轮叶片厚度、导叶叶片厚度和加强水泵的结构设计等措施.     

基于改进最大值法合成NDVI的夏玉米物候期遥感监测

利用遥感技术监测农作物物候期,能够及时有效地评估作物生长趋势、提高农情信息化管理水平。本研究利用2016年MODIS 8天合成数据,提出改进的最大值合成法,结合S-G滤波和Logistic函数拟合重构夏玉米生长曲线,最后利用曲率法提取夏玉米的拔节期和成熟期,利用动态阈值法提取夏玉米的出苗期和抽雄期。结果表明:采用本文提取的夏玉米物候期与实测物候期相比,平均误差为2.76 d,其中在抽雄期的绝对误差为1.06 d,运用改进的最大值合成提取作物NDVI时序数据可有效去除连续云雾对植被指数的影响,提高监测作物物候期的准确性,为精准农业提供技术支撑。