施用硫酸钾对马铃薯生物性状的影响

钾素对马铃薯的生长发育、结薯、薯块膨大和干物质的积累具有十分重要的作用。凉山州马铃薯主产区土壤普遍缺钾少磷,试验选用马铃薯品种凉薯97,研究在凉山州不同地区不同海拔高度施用硫酸钾对马铃薯生物性状的影响,结果表明:马铃薯施用一定量的硫酸钾能适当延长生育期、显著增产、增加薯块干物质和淀粉含量。667 m2施用硫酸钾15 kg的平均全生育期比对照增加2 d;667 m2施用硫酸钾10 kg的平均产量最高,达到1 819 kg,较对照高28.26%,差异达极显著水平;施用硫酸钾对提高干物质、淀粉含量有一定的作用,综合考虑产量、品质、效益等因素,667 m2硫酸钾施用量以5.0～10.0 kg为宜。     

玉米低钾耐性性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,以玉米缺钾症状叶片数为指标,对1个耐低钾玉米自交系T和2个低钾敏感玉米自交系S1和S2配制成的2个组合的P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2世代进行遗传分析,研究明确玉米耐低钾性状的遗传机制。结果表明,玉米低钾耐性遗传在2个组合中都由1对加性+加性-显性多基因控制;主基因遗传率(F2)平均为60.43%,多基因遗传率(F2)平均为15.35%;T×S1组合的遗传变异占表型变异值为80.20%,T×S2组合的遗传变异占表型变异值为71.35%,表明耐低钾性状以主基因遗传为主。育种应用上可以在低世代进行这一目标性状的选择。     

Effects of the potassium application rate on lipid synthesis and eating quality of two rice cultivars

Lipid content has an important effect on rice eating quality, but the effects of fertilizer application rate on the lipid synthesis and eating quality of rice are not well understood. Potassium (K) has a strong influence on rice quality and the requirement for K fertilizer in rice is greater than for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers. To investigate the effects of K fertilizer on the lipid synthesis and eating quality of rice, we used Nanjing 9108 (NJ9108, japonica) and IR72 (indica) rice as experimental materials and four K levels: K0 (0 kg ha^–1), K1 (90 kg ha^–1), K2 (135 kg ha^–1) and K3 (180 kg ha^–1). The results showed that the lipid content, free fatty acid (FFA) content, unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content, malonyl-CoA (MCA) content, phosphatidic acid (PA) content, lipid synthesis-related enzyme activities and eating quality first increased and then decreased with increasing K in both cultivars. The maximum values were obtained under K2. However, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content showed the opposite trend. No significant differences were found in pyruvate (PYR) content among the K treatments. The protein and oxaloacetic acid (OAA) contents and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity of NJ9108 first decreased and then increased with increasing K, and the minimum values were obtained under K2; while IR72 showed the opposite trend and the maximum values were obtained under K1. Overall, increasing K optimized the fatty acid components and increased the lipid content and eating quality of rice by enhancing lipid synthesis-related enzyme activities and regulating substrate competition for lipid and protein synthesis. The optimal K application rate for lipid synthesis, eating quality and grain yield was 135 kg ha^–1 for both cultivars.     

不同有效钾提取方法的原理与效率比较

以6种典型含钾矿物为研究对象,探讨了盐溶液提取法、阳离子交换树脂法及四苯硼钠法等不同有效钾提取方法的原理、效率及影响因素的影响效应和机制。结果表明：盐溶液提取法对含钾矿物中钾的提取能力受离子种类、浓度及pH的影响,不同种类盐提取剂对矿物中钾释放的促进作用也因含钾矿物类型而异。NH4+ 使矿物层间塌陷,显著抑制各种矿物中非交换态钾的释放。阳离子交换树脂法对溶液中钾的提取能力与饱和离子种类及振荡强度有关。H+、Na+ 饱和树脂吸附溶液钾的能力大于Ca2+ 饱和树脂。振荡强度选为120 r/min可消除树脂法提取钾素时液膜扩散阻力的干扰。四苯硼钾的溶度积常数Ksp为2.40 × 10-8（25℃）。不加NaCl条件下,四苯硼钠浓度是影响四苯硼钠法对含钾矿物中钾的提取能力的主要因素。由不同方法的提取原理可以看出,铵盐类提取剂适用于速效钾为当季作物主要钾源（速效钾含量较高）的土壤钾素有效性的评价。而其他盐提取剂通过延长提取时间,可提取部分非交换态钾,可能较醋酸铵法更适合于提取非交换态钾为当季作物主要钾源的土壤有效钾。阳离子交换树脂法也可提取土壤非交换态钾,但操作较为繁琐,该方法更适用于原位研究土壤钾素的迁移、扩散等特性。四苯硼钠法提取效率较高,通过调节其提取力,可提取不同程度的非交换态钾,是具有较好应用前景的适于各类土壤和作物的土壤有效钾测定方法。     

硝酸钾和硫酸钾对番茄幼苗生长、根系形态及钾素吸收和生理利用效率的影响

采用水培试验,研究不同钾肥种类(KNO3、K2SO4)、不同钾素水平(0、2.0、4.0和8.0mmol/L)对"天福冠露"和"毛粉802"2个番茄品种幼苗生长、根系特征及对钾素吸收、生理利用效率的影响。结果表明,随钾素水平提高,番茄鲜重、干重以及根长、根体积、根直径等根系特征显著提高。在钾素水平为4.0、8.0mmol/L时,硝酸钾处理的番茄株高、根长显著高于硫酸钾。钾素水平为8.0mmol/L时,硫酸钾根直径显著高于硝酸钾处理的;"天福冠露"施用硝酸钾的根尖数显著高于施用硫酸钾;"毛粉802"施用硫酸钾,植株的根直径、钾含量和钾素积累量显著高于硝酸钾处理。番茄水培适宜的钾素浓度为8.0mmol/L,硝酸钾有利于番茄生长发育,硫酸钾有利于番茄对钾素的吸收。在相同钾素水平条件下,2个番茄品种鲜重、干重均无显著差异。     

钾肥对幼龄茶树氮磷钾吸收和茶叶产量及品质的效应

选取四川、重庆两地典型、具有代表性的砂岩黄壤、灰岩黄壤和酸性紫色土为供试土壤,连续4年研究了硫酸钾对3类土壤上幼龄茶树矿质营养吸收和茶叶产量、品质的影响。结果表明,在3种土壤上均是 N处理(NK、NPK)茶树对养分的吸收比例合理,茶叶产量高;-N处理(PK、K、CK)则相反。品质分析表明,钾对幼龄茶树游离氨基酸、咖啡碱含量的直接影响不大,但对水浸出物、儿茶素、茶多酚含量的提高有积极的影响,比较酚/氨值得出, N处理酚/氨值一般在5.64~7.17之间,且游离氨基酸含量较高(>3%),处于比较合适的范围内,绿茶品质较佳;相反,-N处理茶叶酚/氨值均在不适宜的范围之内,品质较差。说明在氮肥或氮磷肥的基础上配施钾肥是茶树获得高产、优质的途径。     

施钾对加工番茄产量与品质的影响

通过2年的加工番茄钾肥用量田间试验和示范,研究加工番茄的钾肥效应。结果表明,施用钾肥可以显著增加加工番茄产量,经济效益显著;由钾肥的效应方程可以得出:推荐施钾(K2O)量为144~146 kg/hm2,N∶K2O为1∶0.8。施钾可以显著降低番茄果实硝酸盐含量,提高加工番茄果实茄红素含量,减少烂果量,同时可提高果实糖酸比、果实Vc和可溶性固形物含量,从而改善加工番茄品质。     

氮磷钾对绿玉菊生长的影响

采用水培方式,探讨不同浓度水平氮、磷、钾对绿玉菊生长的影响。分析了不同浓度氮、磷、钾处理下绿玉菊的株长、根长、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量的关系。结果表明绿玉菊的株长和叶绿素含量随氮肥浓度的增加而增长;处理5(含氮7.5mmol.L-1,含磷0.2mmol.L-1,含钾3mmol.L-1)最符合绿玉菊水培生长要求。     

Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica

The agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) under laurel (Cordia alliodora) and cacao under poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) were studied at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. An inventory was taken of the organic matter and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) separating the species into their compartments (leaves, branches, trunks and roots). Studies of the litter and of the mineral soil (0–45 cm) yielded these results: Patterns of nutrient accumulation are discussed in relation to the characteristics of these agroforestry systems.     

Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica III. Cycles of organic matter and nutrients

Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica. For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered. The implications of the models are discussed in detail. Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered. N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana. For part I see Vol. 4, No. 3, 1986 For part II see this issue Agroforestry Project, CATIE/GTZ (Tropical Agricultural Research and Training Center/Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit), Turrialba, Costa Rica