土壤矿物钾的释放及其在植物营养中的意义

本文对土壤钾的形态、矿物钾释放的影响因素及钾的固定、土壤含钾矿物与土壤供钾能力间关系、矿物钾的植物有效性进行了综述 ,表明土壤钾素从有效性的角度进行划分时 ,不能仅把速效性钾和1mol/L热硝酸提取的缓效性钾列为作物吸钾的主要来源 ,而忽视矿物钾的作用 .     

Soil nutrient changes due to land use changes in Northern China: a case study in Zunhua County, Hebei Province

Abstract. Since the 1980s, land use in rural areas of China has changed greatly as the result of political initiatives. These changes have caused soil nutrient changes which are examined in this paper for Zunhua County, northern China from 1980 to 1999. The areas of farmland, grassland, and paddy decreased greatly and were replaced by increases in forest and residential land. The soils under forest in 1999 transformed from farmland in 1980 increased in organic matter by 21%, total nitrogen by 18%, available nitrogen by 65%, available phosphorus by 17% and available potassium by 17%. Similarly, in the area which was converted from farmland in 1980 to grassland in 1999, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium increased by 38%, 37%, 71%, 2% and 28%, respectively. Changes from farmland to forest and grassland not only changed land cover but also improved soil fertility and probably reduced soil nutrient losses.     

Effects of Carbofuran on Availability of Macronutrients and Growth of Tomato Plants in Natural Soils and Soils Amended with Inorganic Fertilizers and Vermicompost

The effects of lower field rate (LFR), field rate (FR), and higher field rate (HFR) applications of carbofuran on ammonium (NH₄)-nitrogen (N), nitrate (NO₃)-N, available phosphorus (P), and available potassium (K) contents in natural soils and those amended with inorganic fertilizers and vermicompost on the growth of tomato plants were studied. The NH₄-N, NO₃-N, available P, and available K contents increased up to FR but the most significant increase in was observed at LFR of carbofuran application. At HFR there was a significant reduction in nutrient availability. With passage of time all these parameters increase up to 30 days; thereafter, a decrease was observed up to the end of the experiment in both unamended and amended soils. The greater plant growth was observed at LFR of carbofuran application and at HFR the plants exhibited phytotoxicity in the form of marginal leaf scorching in both systems. The morphological growth parameters of tomato plants were positively correlated with nutrients availability.     

河西灌漠土钾素状况及当季施肥效应

多点调查表明，河西灌漠土全钾比70年代末平均降低了24.4%，速效钾平均下降了41.2%。剖面分布为：耕作层全钾平均为1.30%，20～60cm土层平均1.27%～1.38%，底土平均1.26%；缓效钾平均为946～1 006mg/kg，剖面差异不大；速效钾 0～20cm土层为145mg/kg，20～100cm平均101～114mg/kg。春小麦、玉米、甜菜、洋芋单作当季施钾均无明显增产效应；带田玉米施化学钾肥增产8.5%，施土粪增产9.7%～11.3%，但增效不稳定。     

N、P、K三要素对水稻的蛋白质效应分析

利用数学模型研究了肥料N、P、K对糙米蛋白质含量的影响，分析了单因素效应，双因素效应、边际效应。得出三因素对糙米蛋白质含量的贡献率大小依次为N1．9744、P2O5 1．339、K2O1．2285；N和P互作明显，高N、高P有利于蛋白质含量的提高。     

不同氮钾水平对结球甘蓝养分吸收和分配的影响

采用田间小区试验的方法研究了不同氮钾水平对结球甘蓝养分吸收和分配的影响.结果表明,氮肥单施可提高结球甘蓝氮、硼、锰和锌的含量,降低钾、钙、镁、铜和铁的含量;钾肥单施可提高结球甘蓝钾和叶球中所有微量元素含量,而降低氮、钙、镁的含量;氮钾配施可减轻氮肥对钾吸收以及钾肥对镁吸收的降低作用,但对叶球微量元素含量的影响取决于氮钾肥料单施的效应和氮钾交互作用.氮肥和钾肥提高结球甘蓝养分元素的吸收数量,促进边叶钙和镁向叶球转移.氮肥和钾肥可以明显降低边叶养分元素的比例,而提高叶球中的比例,这对叶球的生长发育、产量提高以及品质和营养价值的改善起到积极作用.     

紫色土脲酶活性与土壤营养的研究

对中性紫色土脲酶活性与土壤营养因子的相关性研究表明,紫色土脲酶活性(Y)与土壤中的全氮(X_1)、速效氮(X_4)、全钾(X_3)、速效钾(X_6)含量相关。即Y=-0.2976 0.2353X_1 0.1153×10~(-1)X_3 0.2133×10~(-2)X_4-0.2068×10~(-2)X_6。土壤全氮是影响脲酶活性的最主要因子。速效氮对酶活性的正效应,是由全氮对酶活性的作用表现。全钾的直接作用为正,速效钾为负,二者通过氮对酶活性的间接作用也为负,与钾相关的决定系数均较小,因而对脲酶的影响程度小于氮。     

离子交换树脂作为花卉矿质营养载体的研究

离子交换树脂具有稳定的结构、固定的组成及很高的阴阳离子交换量。离子交换树脂具有良好的气、固、液三相。因此具有持水佳、载肥高、透气好等优点。当离子交换树脂中的矿质元素被植物大量吸收后，可以对其进行再生处理从而保证它能够反复使用。离子交换树脂是一个内存很大的化学库，它所吸附的营养元素不会被水淋洗而有所减少，植物在持有高水平矿质营养的离子交换树脂中亦不会受到反渗透伤害。此点经吸附有5000mg·kg-1钾的离子交换树脂对大丽花（DahliapinnataCav．）的栽培及吸附有5000mg·kg－1磷的离子交换树脂对蟹爪（ZygocacturstruncatusSchum）的栽培中得到证实。     

四季萝卜追肥数量研究

本研究运用三元二次旋转回归设计进行四季萝卜（ＲａｐｈａｎｕｓｓａｔｉｖｕｓＬ．ｖａｒ．ｒａｄｉｃｕｌｕｓ）的追肥研究。研究结果表明：在低肥力地块上种植四季萝卜，追肥对产量形成有重要作用．氮、磷、钾单独施用均有提高产量的作用，配合施用时，它们彼此间对产量形成有交互作用．氮肥施用过量，不利于磷、钾增产作用发挥，增施磷肥，对氮的增产作用有所促进。为获得较好的产量，追肥适宜的用量分别是Ｎ４９４．７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，Ｐ２Ｏ５３１１．８５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，Ｋ２Ｏ３１７．４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。