异樟不同部位精油成分的气相色谱-质谱比较分析1）

采用气相色谱—质谱（ GC/MS）联用技术和保留指数比较法分析了精油成分,以面积归一化法进行定量分析。结果表明：从异樟叶、新枝、老枝、树干、主根和侧根6个不同部位精油中分别检测出了41、51、51、41、39、39种成分;共检测出了74种物质,包括醇类、烃类、醚类、酮类、酯类、醛类及氧化物类化合物,其中醇类20种、烃类40种、醚类6种、酮类1种、酯类3种、醛类1种及氧化物类3种。它们共有成分有20种,包括7种醇类、7种烃类、3种醚类、1种酮类、1种酯类及1种氧化物类。     

Spatiotemporal Changes in Soil Nutrients:A Case Study in Taihu Region of China

The accurate assessment of the spatiotemporal changes in soil nutrients influenced by agricultural production provides the basis for development of management strategies to maintain soil fertility and balance soil nutrients. In this paper, we combined spatial measurements from 2 157 soil samples and geostatistical analysis to assess the spatiotemporal changes in soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, available phosphorus （AP） and available potassium content （AK） from the first soil survey （in the 1980s） to the second soil survey （in the 2000s） in the Taihu region of Jiangsu Province in China. The results showed that average soil nutrients in three soil types all exhibited the increased levels in the 2000s （except for AK in the yellow brown soil）. The standard deviation of soil nutrient contents increased （except for TN in the paddy soil）. Agricultural production in the 20 years led to increases in SOC, TN, AP and AK by 74, 82, 89 and 65%, respectively, of the Taihu areas analyzed. From the 1980s to 2000s all the nugget/sill ratios of soil nutrients indices were between 25 and 75% （except for AK in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s）, indicating moderate spatial dependence. The ratio of AP in the yellow brown soil in the 2000s was 88.74%, showing weak spatial dependence. The spatial correlation range values for SOC, TN, AP and AK in the 2000s all decreased. The main areas showing declines in SOC, TN and AP were in the northwest. For AK, the main region with declining levels was in the east and middle of western areas. Apparently, the increase in soil nutrients in the Taihu region can be mainly attributed to the large increase in fertilizer inputs, change in crop systems and enhanced residues management since the 1980s. Future emphasis should be placed on avoiding excess fertilizer inputs and balancing the effects of the fertilizers in soils.     

断根结合生长素和钾肥施用对烤烟生长及糖碱比、有机钾指数的影响

河南济源烟区存在着烟叶糖碱比高、有机钾指数较低的生产现状,通过田间试验研究了打顶时断根(C)、打顶时断根结合喷施IAA(C+I)、打顶时断根结合追施钾肥(C+K)、打顶时断根结合喷施IAA并追施钾肥(C+K+I)和对照(CK)5种处理对烤烟生物量及糖碱比、有机钾指数的影响。结果表明:不同调控措施在烟株成熟期较对照均能增加根部、叶片的干重,减少烟碱、总糖在中上部烟叶的累积。断根结合喷施IAA能降低各部位烟叶的糖碱比,且以C+K+I处理的降幅最大,在下、中、上叶位中较对照分别降低了19.12%、15.33%和8.15%。与对照相比,各处理均能提高不同部位烟叶K⁺含量,降低Cl^-和SO₄^2-含量。C+K+I处理能极显著提高各部位烟叶的有机钾指数,且在中上部烟叶中增幅最大,较对照分别提高了125.00%和209.43%。总的看来,打顶时断根结合喷施IAA并追施钾肥能促进烟叶中的干物质积累、降低糖碱比、提高有机钾指数,进而提高烟叶的内在品质。     

西安地区羊奶的成分和霉菌毒素污染状况研究

为研究西安地区羊奶的成分和霉菌毒素污染状况,采集了西安市70批次生鲜羊奶样品和30批次羊奶粉样品,利用Milkscan乳成分测定仪和液相色谱串联质谱法检测羊奶的质量指标(蛋白、脂肪和体细胞数)和霉菌毒素污染状况(黄曲霉毒素M₁、赭曲霉毒素A、α-玉米赤霉烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮)。结果表明:1)生鲜羊奶的乳蛋白、乳脂肪和体细胞数平均为3.6%、4.1%和116.9万cells/mL;2)黄曲霉毒素M₁、赭曲霉毒素A、α-玉米赤霉烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮在生鲜羊奶中检出率和平均含量分别为98.1%和12.4 ng/kg、80%和96.6 ng/kg、77.1%和74.5 ng/kg、80.0%和36.2 ng/kg,在羊奶粉中检出率和平均含量分别为100%和57.3 ng/kg、37.0%和37.1 ng/kg、60.0%和59.8 ng/kg、100%和97.1 ng/kg,所有样品中霉菌毒素含量都处于痕量水平,远低于黄曲霉毒素M₁的国家限量(500 ng/kg);3)黄曲霉毒素M₁显著影响乳蛋白含量(P<0.01),α-玉米赤霉烯醇也显著影响体细胞数(P<0.001),玉米赤霉烯酮和α-玉米赤霉烯醇、乳蛋白与乳脂肪间存在显著相关性(P<0.01)。结果显示,目前西安地区羊奶质量在安全范围,但霉菌毒素污染的风险还应引起人们的警惕。     

施钾量对杂交棉产量和品质及钾肥利用率的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究施钾量对杂交棉金102、湘杂棉8号、泗阳328的产量和品质及钾肥利用效率的影响。结果表明：施钾(K2O)量为135～270 kg/hm2,可增加皮棉产量39.13%～57.48%,达极显著水平;单株成铃数、单铃重、衣分分别提高14.24%～40.29%、3.59%～15.51%、0.16%～4.89%;纤维长度、比强度随施钾量增加而增加,对麦克隆值无显著影响。施钾量由135 kg/hm2增加至270 kg/hm2时,钾肥偏生产力(PFPk)降低45.93%～48.01%,钾肥农学效率(AEk)降低37.1%～42.9%。金102的钾肥农学效率(AEk)最高,施钾增产效果最好;泗阳328耐低钾胁迫能力最强,不施钾肥时,皮棉产量分别较湘杂棉8号、金102高5.54%、11.19%。     

氮肥配施下不同C/N作物残渣还田对红壤温室气体排放的影响

氮肥配施能够促进还田秸秆的分解,为了解其对不同C/N秸秆还田下温室气体排放的影响,采用培养实验方法,研究了油菜饼(C/N为4)、玉米秸秆(C/N为28)、水稻秸秆(C/N为41)和小麦秸秆(C/N为71)等4种不同C/N植物残渣在不同量氮肥(无氮、低氮和高氮)配施下对红壤温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)排放的影响。结果显示,氮肥配施增加了不同植物残渣的CO2-C累积排放量,且仅在高C/N的小麦秸秆处理中发现存在显著性差异,在低氮和高氮下CO2-C累积排放量分别达到1 271.44、1 212.83 mg·kg-1,显著高于无氮肥配施的883.40 mg·kg-1。土壤N2O累积排放量最大的为油菜饼处理组,低氮量的配施进一步增强了N2O的产生,其累积排放量达到5 550.42μg·kg-1,显著高于无氮肥配施的4 430.44μg·kg-1,然而当氮肥施用量进一步增加时却抑制了N2O的排放(3752.84μg·kg-1)。氮肥配施并未显著影响玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆处理组的N2O累积排放量。在培养期内,每一个处理均表现为CH4的吸收现象,氮肥施用能够增加土壤对CH4的累积吸收量,但差异显著性仅在对照和油菜饼处理中发现。     

成分对温压成形Reed／Cu／PE复合材料性能的影响

为进一步改善基于农林剩余物的木基复合粉末的温压成形综合性能,开发新型复合材料,以芦苇秆粉末（Reed）为基材、紫铜粉末（Cu）为强韧化因子、聚乙烯（PE）为紫铜粉末分散助剂,运用响应面试验法、三维立体数码显微镜、扫描电镜和电子万能材料实验机等方法和手段研究PE及Cu对温压成形Reed/Cu/PE复合材料性能的影响,对试件材料的性能与结构进行表征。结果表明：Reed/Cu/PE复合材料的最优温压成形工艺条件为,PE和Cu质量分数分别为10％和17％;制备的Reed/Cu/PE复合材料的静曲强度、表观硬度（HV）、吸水率和吸水厚度膨胀率分别达到了49．26、9．267 MPa、3．32％和4．35％。     

Relationship Between Leaf C/N Ratio and Insecticidal Protein Expression in Bt Cotton as Affected by High Temperature and N Rate

Expression of insecticidal protein for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton is unstable and related to nitrogen metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between leaf carbon nitrogen ratio （C/N） and insecticidal efficacy of two Bt cotton cultivars. C/N ratio and Bt protein content were both measured at peak square period and peak boll period respectively under 5-7 d high temperature and different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the Yangzhou University Farm and the Ludong Cotton Farm, China. All plants were grown in field. The results showed that the C/N ratio enhanced slightly and the Bt protein content remained stable at peak square period, but significant increases for the C/N ratio and decreases markedly for the leaf Bt protein concentration were detected at the peak boll period. The similar patterns at the two growth periods were found for the leaf C/N ratio and Bt protein content by different N fertilizer treatments. When nitrogen rate was from 0 to 600 kg ha-l, the C/N ratio was reduced by 0.017 and 0.006 for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak square period, compared to the 1.350 to 1.143 reduction for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak boll period, respectively. Correspondingly, the leaf Bt protein contents were bolstered by 2.6-11.8 and 26.9-36.9% at the two different growth periods, respectively. The results suggested that enhanced C/N ratio by high temperature and nitrogen application may result in the reduction of inseetiocidal efficacy in Bt cotton, especially in peak boll period.     

蜈蚣兰初代培养中内生真菌的抑制作用

为了建立蜈蚣兰无菌繁殖体系,以0.2%的山梨酸钾和0.2%的苯甲酸钠为供试药剂,研究了两种不同种类的食品防腐剂在蜈蚣兰初代培养中对内生真菌的抑制作用。结果表明:两种食品防腐剂均对蜈蚣兰内生真菌的生长有抑制作用,且山梨酸钾的抑菌作用更为显著。同时,两种防腐剂的加入对外植体侧芽萌发均有一定程度的抑制,且苯甲酸钠的抑制作用较为突出。另外,0.8%的次氯酸钠溶液对蜈蚣兰内生真菌的生长也有一定的抑制作用。     

基于EOS/MODIS数据的抚远县水稻面积提取技术研究

为获取黑龙江省大范围的水稻种植空间分布及面积等信息,指导水稻生产,以抚远县为研究区域,利用EOS/MODIS数据进行水稻面积提取研究。结果表明:抚远县水稻面积309 513.32hm2。水稻种植区域精度较高的图框区域集中在抚远县中部及南部地区,这些地区水稻种植比较集中,且所占比例很高,其它作物较少,对混合像元的精度影响小;精度较低的图框主要集中在北部地区,这与实际情况相符合,水稻种植较零散且其它混种作物种类及荒草类别比较复杂,混合像元分类精度较低。