塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地纵向沙垅表面沙物质粒度特征

本文对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地纵向沙垅表面沙粒、丘间地沙粒进行了粒度分析。结果表明,沙垅以极细沙为主,平均粒径３．０６Φ,沙粒从沙垅迎风侧到背风侧逐渐变细。沙丘沙比丘间地沙分选好,沙垅背风侧比迎风侧分选好。沙粒属极负偏,偏度－０．２２,丘间地沙比沙丘沙更趋向负偏。峰度１．３８,属尖峰态。粒径与偏度和峰度成正相关,分选和偏度成良好负相关。沙丘沙以单峰态为主,累积频率曲线为２～３段式,丘间地以双峰态为主,累积频率曲线为３～４段。大尺度地形对沙粒段式没有影响,对各段组分含量相对大小有影响。     

宁夏现代化农产品物流问题及对策研究

在介绍宁夏现代化农产品物流体系存在的问题的基础上,剖析了产生问题的原因,提出了相应的对策。     

闽南毛竹林合理经营密度的研究

在闽南毛竹分布区的毛竹林分中建立标准地２４７块，利用柯尔莫哥洛夫的正态分布检验法。结合半峰宽理论，分析计算了闽南毛竹林的合理经营密度为１２００株￣１６５０朱／ｈｍ＾２，为闽南毛竹林持续经营提供了理论依据。     

Reduced inter-row distance improves yield and competition against weeds in a semi-dwarf durum wheat variety

Weed and nutrient management in cropping systems of semi-arid areas is a major constraint to cereal yield. Where the use of herbicides is banned or discouraged, the competitive ability of a crop is crucial to reduce weed growth and diffusion. Genotypic differences in the competitive abilities of crops are an important trait to reduce weeds, especially for plant height. However, there is contrasting information about the interactions of other management practices and genotypic traits on wheat yield and competitive ability against weeds and weed growth. The present study investigated yield and quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and weed growth and composition for two wheat cultivars with contrasting competitive abilities against weeds. Wheat was grown under three spatial arrangements (5-cm, 15-cm, 25-cm inter-row distance) and three sowing densities, and broadleaf weeds were either removed or not. The sowing rate did not affect the yield of these wheat cultivars or the weed growth. Reduced inter-row distance dramatically reduced weed biomass for both wheat cultivars, and increased wheat yield and nitrogen uptake in the low-competitive, high-yielding, semi-dwarf cv. ‘PR22D89’, when both weed free and with weeds. These results have direct implications for weed and nutrient management in low-input and organic cropping systems.     

2000－2010年中国退牧还草工程区生态系统宏观结构和质量及其动态变化

本研究以生态学理论为基础，以空间信息技术为支撑，基于遥感数据、气象数据和地面观测数据，通过多源数据融合、生态模型模拟和尺度转换手段，分析中国退牧还草综合治理工程区2000－2010年生态系统宏观结构和质量的时空分布及变化趋势，探讨生态系统变化的自然和人文驱动机制，为退牧还草工程的生态成效评估提供理论依据。研究结果表明，1）2000－2010年，草地生态系统面积保持平稳，生态系统宏观结构稳定，但局部区域仍存在草地与农田、湿地和荒漠间的相互转化；2）研究区草地退化趋势已得到初步遏制，植被覆盖度略有增长，叶面积指数略呈波动式增加，净初级生产力呈显著上升，草地植被呈现恢复转好态势，生态系统总体质量有所提高，生态环境向良性演变；3）研究区生态状况具有空间差异性，总体转好，局部变差，各亚区整体水平排序为内蒙古东部退化草原治理区＞青藏高原江河源退化草原治理区＞新疆退化草原治理区＞蒙甘宁西部退化草原治理区；4）退牧还草工程的实施有利于草地保护，气候暖湿化促进植被生长与恢复，人类活动干扰局部地区生态系统，三者共同影响研究区总体生态状况。     

帽儿山天然次生林融雪径流可溶性有机碳时间动态及垂直分布

融雪期是北方地区可溶性有机碳(DOC)通过融雪径流从陆地生态系统向河流输出的关键时期,因此观测融雪径流DOC动态对分析流域碳流失至关重要。在帽儿山生态站选取东北东部典型天然次生林建立25 m×25 m的水量平衡场,测定分析2014年融雪期不同土层(5、35、65和95 cm)融雪径流DOC含量和通量的时间动态和垂直分布规律。结果表明: 1) 该融雪期土壤水量输入和输出分别为74.2和15.6 mm,径流率高达21%;融雪期DOC输出量与冬季大气输入量基本持平,分别为0.25和0.22 g/m2。2)高峰期DOC含量与其瞬时流量的相关性随土层而变。5和35 cm土层DOC含量与瞬时流量之间均无显著关系(P0.05);65 cm土层则表现出弱负对数关系(R2=0.29,P0.05),而95 cm土层呈现显著线性正相关(R2=0.43,P0.05)。不同土层DOC瞬时通量与瞬时流量之间均极显著正相关(R20.9,P0.001),且产流量越大的土层,其正相关回归方程的斜率也越大,表明水文驱动土壤DOC流失。3)融雪径流产流量和输出DOC通量大小均表现出35 cm5 cm95 cm65 cm土层趋势,其中5和35 cm土层是DOC的主要输出层,占总输出量的70%,而在融雪高峰期可高达90%。由于土壤的滞留作用,DOC含量波动范围随土层加深而向低浓度收敛。      

Effects of Paclobutrazol on Dry Matter Distribution and Yield in Peanut

Abstract

Paclobutrazol (PB), an inhibitor of endogenous gibberellin synthesis, was applied to peanut plants altered dry-matter distribution and increased seed yield. PB solution at a concentration of 100, 200 or 400 ppm was sprayed on foliage at the beginning of the pod formation stage (BPFS), the early pod filling stage (EPFS) and the middle pod filling stage (MPFS) .The height of the plants treated with PB at BPFS and EPFS was shorter than that of the control plants by more than 10 and 5 cm, respectively. The pod number of the plants treated with 100 or 200 ppm PB at any developmental stage was higher than that of the plants treated with 0 or 400 ppm PB. The seed yield was increased by PB applied at any stage, and the yield after the treatment with 100 or 200 ppm PB at BPFS or EPFS was approximately 370 gm~².     

European eel distribution and body condition in a river floodplain: effect of longitudinal and lateral connectivity

Abstract – We studied eel population characteristics (size classes, densities and body condition) in the lower Loire River floodplain (France) to evaluate the effects of longitudinal and lateral gradients. A total of 36 sites were electrofished in June 2005. The sites were grouped first into three river segments according to the distance inland corresponding to a longitudinal gradient and secondly into three lateral connectivity categories. Results indicate that small eels, especially those ≤300 mm, were very abundant downstream but density rapidly decreased upstream. In addition, eels ≤150 mm tended to be most abundant in connected waterbodies. Conversely, the distribution of larger eels was quite uniform across both dimensions. Eel condition decreased upstream. In parallel, in downstream river segment, eels had a lower condition in disconnected waterbodies than in connected ones. Eel specialists still have only a longitudinal perception of eel habitat. Our results suggest that lateral gradients should be also taken into consideration.     

Hydraulic conductivity and porosity under conventional and no-tillage and the effect of three species of cover crop in northern France

We studied soil hydraulic conductivity (K) and porosity in five combinations of soil tillage and cover crop management systems. Treatments were winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on a conventionally tilled soil (CT), on a no‐till soil (NT), and on an NT with three different cover crops: red fescue (Festuca rubra L.; Fr), bird's‐foot‐trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; Lc) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; Ms). Measurements were made on a loamy soil in Grignon, France, in November 2004, May 2005 and October 2005. K and mean size of hydraulically active pores were measured in situ at three water potentials (?0.6, ?0.2 and ?0.05 kPa) at the soil surface and at 10 cm depth. In November 2004 and May 2005, pore space was described using 2D image analysis of pores on undisturbed soil samples in the 0–10 cm layer and in the 10–20 cm layer. The major differences were caused by soil tillage that created two heterogeneous soil layers and increased K in the 0–10 cm layer relative to NT. The effects of cover crop on K and porosity were not affected by the root type: there were no major differences between the grass cover crop (fibrous‐root type) and the leguminous ones (tap‐root type). However, we recorded larger functional pores and more tubules in the no‐till treatments with a cover crop, compared with the no‐till treatment without cover crop; this was probably the result of root activity. Although these changes generally did not result in larger values of K, they participated in the maintenance of soil structure and K over time.     

Evaluation of ovum storage techniques for reproductive studies of fishes

Abstract– We compared dry masses of mature oocytes and ripe eggs from Etheostoma lynceum and Etheostoma caeruleum that were stored in varying concentrations of either formalin or isopropyl alcohol. In comparison to 10% formalin, alcohol significantly reduced the weights of both mature oocytes and ripe eggs, with 25% isopropyl alcohol resulting in much smaller reductions than 50% isopropanol. Three percent formalin resulted in smaller decreases in the masses of oocytes and eggs than the alcohol treatments, and not all comparisons with 10% formalin were significantly different. We recommend fixing specimens and storing them and gametic cells removed from them in 10% formalin. In cases where specimens or eggs in alcohol must be used in addition to material in formalin, correction factors (to formalin standard) should be developed, but the correction should not be made uncritically due to the varying effects alcohol may have among samples.