Myofibrillar proteins in white muscle of the developing African catfish Heterobranchus longifilis (Siluriforms, Clariidae)

Developmental changes in myofibrillar protein composition were investigated in the myotomal muscle of the African catfish, Heterobranchus longifilis (Clariidae), by several electrophoretic techniques. The main muscle fibres of larvae and the fast-white muscle fibres of juvenile and adult fish were found to express distinct myosin heavy chain and myosin light chain 2 (LC2) isoforms. Three myosin LC2 chains were successively detected, differing by their isoelectric points. In contrast, the alkali light chains remained qualitatively and quantitatively unchanged during fish growth. Actin, -tropomyosin, and troponin-C (TN-C) were also similar in larval, juvenile, and adult white muscle, but an additional larval tropomyosin isoform was found in the first developmental stages. Two isoforms of troponin-T (TN-T) and troponin-I (TN-I) were synthesised in the course of fish growth. Transition from the larval to the adult isoform was much faster for TN-T than for TN-I. Slow-red muscle myofibrils from adult H. longifilis showed no common component (except actin) with larval, juvenile, or adult fast-white muscle myofibrils. Red myofibrils displayed a single TN-T and a single TN-I isoform, but two isoforms of TN-C. The myofibrillar protein isoforms synthesised at any given developmental stage almost certainly reflect changes in the functional requirements of swimming muscles in the course of fish development.     

Synthesis of cationic polyacrylamide usinginverse emulsion polymerization

The cationic polyacrylamide is synthesized by acrylamide (AM) and propenoyl-ethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DAC) through inverse emulsion polymerization, using liquid paraffin as continuous phase and Span80-Tween80 as compound emulsifier. The influence factors for the viscosity of product and the stability of the system are discussed, such as the ratio of oil to water, emulsifier dosage, monomer dosage, cationic degree and initiator dosage. When the volume ratio of oil to water is 1∶1.6, the emulsifier dosage is 30%, the monomer dosage is 30%, the cationic degree is 60%, i.e. the molar ratio of AM to DAC is 2∶3, and the initiator dosage is 0.15%, the obtained product has high viscosity and stability. The effects of viscosity and polymer dosage on flocculating are studied in flocculating experiment, and the polymer structure is analyzed by IR spectrum.     

聚丙烯酰胺施用对铵态氮地表径流迁移的影响及解析模拟

地表氮素迁移至径流的水平对氮素流失有重要影响。该研究在人工模拟降雨条件下,主要考察高分子有机化合物聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）施用对铵态氮地表径流迁移效应。试验结果表明,PAM的施用降低了径流运移氮素的能力,表现为铵态氮初始流失浓度极大降低,且氮素流失过程更趋平稳。基于土壤混合层理论和氮素平衡原理建立了PAM施用下铵态氮地表迁移不完全混合模型,并求得了解析解,证实了地表铵态氮径流迁移符合指数型衰减过程,模拟结果与实测值拟合较好。     

聚丙烯酰胺防治土壤侵蚀的持效性研究

采用化学措施防治水土流失已成为一个新的研究领域并受到研究者的广泛关注。对具有防治水土流失作用的高分子聚合物——聚丙烯酰胺最优剂型的适宜用量进行室内试验研究,得出聚丙烯酰胺能保持减少土壤流失量50%以上的效果,即聚丙烯酰胺防治水土流失效果的持效期可以达到2年以上。     

粉煤灰和PAM改良沙土物理性质田间试验

采用粉煤灰和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)混合施用改善沙土的水分环境和物理化学性质,为植物生长提供良好的条件,同时研究PAM在粉煤灰混合沙土的复杂环境下,能否增强粉煤灰改良沙土的效果.试验于2011年在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市达拉特旗万通现代农业科技园进行,试验粉煤灰使用量为0％,5％,10％,15％(质量比),PAM的使用量为0,60,120mg/kg.结果表明,粉煤灰质量比为10％,同时使用120mg/kg PAM时,能够提高土壤田间持水量18％,减小土壤饱和导水率26％,同时增加土壤有效水含量.粉煤灰和PAM混合使用于沙土会引起土壤有害元素含量升高,使用15％粉煤灰时土壤重金属含量仍符合国家标准.从而避免了使用过高比例粉煤灰而对土壤环境造成的潜在影响.     

小尾寒羊血液蛋白多态性与多羔性研究

通过非连续性垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)对小尾寒羊的8种血液蛋白(酶)进行多态性检测,同时以甘肃藏羊作为对照,探索绵羊多羔性与血液生化遗传的相关性。结果表明:Hb位点的HbB基因、Tf位点的TfC基因、Es的Es-基因与绵羊多羔性可能存在相关性,Ep是否可以作为小尾寒羊多羔性的遗传标记,还需进一步探讨,其它4个蛋白(酶)AIb、Pr、AMY、LDH与绵羊多羔性不相关;同时得出与多羔性相关的蛋白位点基因与目前所研究的多胎基因FecB等主效基因均不连锁,但存在相关性。     

Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in Ethiopian Coffea arabica accessions

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used to study the polymorphism of esterases in Allium cepa L. and A. fistulosum L. Two varieties of each species, an A. fistulosum × A. cepa interspecific F₁ hybrid, and (A. fistulosum × A. cepa) hybrid derivatives were analyzed for determination of banding patterns upon staining with α- and β-napthyl acetate substrates of esterase. Complex band patterns were observed. In total, 10 bands were detected between A. cepa and A. fistulosum — five inA. cepa, six in A. fistulosum with only one band common to both species. With the exception of one band unique to A. fistulosum which appeared only when stained with α-substrate, extracts of both A. cepa and A. fistulosum leaf tissue exhibited the same bands when stained with both α- and β-substrates. Bands stained with the different systems are distinguished by color: α-substrate always appeared black, while bands stained to β-substrate are always red. Esterase bands were assigned into 5 presumptive loci of four zones of activity with according to the migration distance of the bands from the front, color of each band upon staining with α- and β-substrates, and segregation observed in crosses and hybrid derivatives. Esterase enzymes detected in this study appear to be monomeric. Polymorphisms were identified between A. cepa and A. fistulosum by esterase banding patterns. Esterase enzymes provide an additional marker in monitoring introgression of foreign germplasm in interspecific onion breeding. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

PAM改善黄土水土环境及对玉米生长影响的田间试验研究

在干旱半干旱地区，为了充分利用有限的降水资源，促进农作物的生长，采用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)进行了减少玉米田土壤表面的径流，增加土壤入渗的试验。试验区位于内蒙古自治区清水河县境内，在试验区挑选一块坡面相对比较平整坡度在5%～7%的连片玉米田，分别在玉米田的土壤表面采用4个不同的处理，即PAM覆盖率80%、60%、40%和对照，试验采用3个重复。通过小区试验，测定降雨在土壤表面形成径流量、土壤的含水量的变化情况和玉米生长发育的状况，以及玉米的全干物质产量。结果表明，PAM能够很好地增加土壤的有效降雨量并促进玉米的生长。     

聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对黄土坡地降雨产流产沙过程的影响

从防治水土流失和提高降水资源利用率的角度出发，为使PAM能在黄土地区广泛使用，该文通过室内人工模拟降雨和冲刷试验，研究了黄土坡地土壤表层施加PAM对产流产沙过程的影响，分析了产流、径流累计量、泥沙累计量随时间的变化过程，建立了相应的相关关系。比较了不同PAM用量的作用效果及不同土壤对PAM施用效果的影响。试验结果表明，当坡度为15°，雨强1.2 mm/min，降雨历时为30 min时，每平方米土壤表层施加0.8 g PAM后的产流量减少16%，产沙量不到1 kg，减沙率达87.87%；连续冲刷试验结果表明PAM施放在(土娄)土上的效果远优于黄绵土。     

喷射条件下PAM特性参数对土壤物性的影响

土壤扰动是引起土壤侵蚀主要原因之一,土壤侵蚀常常导致土壤质量下降和退化。应用聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）控制土壤封闭和减少侵蚀已有过许多研究,然而很少有研究关注最有效的PAM分子量和电荷密度。,应用喷射工艺,研究不同特性参数的PAM对坡面扰动土壤水分物性调控的影响。结果表明,PAM对土壤物性的调控作用显著,土壤客重的降低、土壤孔隙度和土壤持水量的提高以分子量为10mg,／mol的PAM为最优．同一分子量不同水解度调控效果有显著差别（F=9．44^＊＊）。对于土壤中〉0.25mm水稳性团粒结构的调控效果以分子量为10～12mg／mol的PAM最为明显。相同分子量不同水解度的PAM对土壤水稳性团粒的影响差异性大．其中以水解度为30％作用效果最好。与PAM用于缓坡土壤改良相比,对于陡坡的扰动土壤,采用PAM进行改良仍然能够得到满意的效果。