合成工艺对非离子聚丙烯酰胺相对分子质量的影响

以丙烯酰胺为原料,以过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合法制备聚丙烯酰胺。探讨了单体质量分数、引发剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等对聚合物相对分子质量的影响;并借助于正交试验分析,初步得出PAM相对分子质量与合成条件的关系。     

雌二醇、壬基酚、多氯联苯、镉和锌及其混合物对唐鱼的雌激素效应比较

以唐鱼卵黄蛋白原(Vtg)为检测指标,利用Native-PAGE电泳、唐鱼Vtg特异性脂蛋白染色和间接酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)技术分别检测了17β-雌二醇(E₂)、壬基酚(NP)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺及其混合物对唐鱼的雌激素效应。Native-PAGE结果显示,10 μg/L、50 μg/L E₂水体暴露7、14 d 均诱导雄性唐鱼体内合成了Vtg,E₂对唐鱼的雌激素效应具有时间累积效应,并随浓度升高而增强。而ELISA检测结果则显示0.1、0.5、1.0 μg/L E₂ 7、14 d和200、300 μg/L NP 14 d暴露使唐鱼合成了Vtg。结果表明,NP、Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺与不同浓度的E₂联合雌激素效应不同于单一毒物的雌激素效应,NP与E₂表现为协同促进作用。并讨论了环境雌激素的联合作用机制相关问题。     

聚丙烯酰胺对土壤性质及玉米生育和产量影响

试验探讨不同浓度的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)处理对土壤的理化性质及玉米的生长发育和产量的影响。在玉米的不同生长时期,对其植株株高及土壤含水率、容重等理化指标进行测定,并在玉米收获后考察百粒重和产量。结果表明,PAM对改善土壤结构有一定的作用,可降低土壤容重,提高土壤入渗率,增加土壤含水量。PAM可增加玉米的株高,对玉米有增产作用,与对照相比,其增产幅度在4.2%～4.6%,但处理间差异不显著。     

聚丙烯酰胺促进沙化退化草场植被恢复效果研究

东北黑土区农牧交错带严重的水土流失破坏了草场资源,降低了土地承载能力,导致草场沙化退化严重。为了以最快的速度最大程度地实现沙化退化草场的植被恢复与重建,通过野外小区对比试验和室内分析,采用二因素完全随机设计,研究了在不同植被条件下施用不同剂量聚丙烯酰胺后草场植被的生物学性状及物种组成的变化,分析探讨了聚丙烯酰胺促进沙化退化草场植被恢复的效果。结果表明:聚丙烯酰胺对植被盖度、株高、生物量和植物多样性的提高均具有明显的促进作用,特别是剂量在120 kg/hm2时,聚丙烯酰胺促进草场植被恢复的效果最为突出。     

Contribution of common wheat protein fractions to dough properties and quality of northern-style Chinese steamed bread

Thirty-three cultivars and advanced lines originated from China, Mexico, and Australia were sown in four environments in Chinese spring wheat regions to investigate the association between gluten protein fractions determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and dough properties and northern-style Chinese steamed bread (CSB) quality. The genotypes were divided into two groups of 10 and 23 entries with and without the 1B/1R translocation, respectively. 1B/1R translocation lines had significantly high amounts of ω  -gliadins, and low levels of glutenin and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS), but no significant difference in dough properties and CSB quality from non-translocation lines. The association between protein fractions and dough properties, and CSB quality largely depended upon the presence of 1B/1R translocation. Gliadin contributed more in quantity to flour protein content (FPC) than glutenin, while glutenin and its fractions contributed more to dough strength and CSB quality. Among non-translocation lines, moderate to high correlation coefficients between quantified glutenin and its fractions, and farinograph development time (DT, r=0.85$r=0.85$–0.92) and stability (ST, r=0.81$r=0.81$–0.93), extensograph maximum resistance (R_max, r=0.90$r=0.90$–0.93), CSB stress relaxation (SR, r=0.55$r=0.55$–0.61) and CSB score (r=0.56$r=0.56$–0.62), were observed. Gliadin:glutenin ratios showed significant and negative associations with dough properties and CSB quality. Correlation coefficients between gliadin:glutenin, gliadin:HMW-GS, gliadin:LMW-GS ratios, and CSB score were −0.79, −0.73, and −0.79 among non-translocation lines, respectively. HMW-GS and LMW-GS, x-type HMW-GS and y-type HMW-GS contributed similarly to dough properties and CSB quality for non-translocation lines. Weak correlations between protein fractions and dough properties, and CSB quality were observed among translocation lines. This information should be useful for improvement of dough properties and CSB quality.     

香蕉纤维素-壳聚糖/聚丙烯酰胺双网络水凝胶的制备及吸附性能

纤维素、壳聚糖等天然多糖形成的水凝胶力学性能较弱,在应用中受到限制。该文利用香蕉纤维素-壳聚糖为第一层刚性网络,以聚丙烯酰胺为第二层柔性网络,通过"一锅法"制备了香蕉纤维素-壳聚糖/聚丙烯酰胺(cellulosechitosan/polyacrylamide, Ce-Cs/PAAM)双网络水凝胶,并采用傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffractometer,XRD)等对双网络水凝胶结构进行了表征,并分析其力学性能、溶胀性能和吸附性能。结果表明,Ce-Cs/PAAM水凝胶是一种三维多孔、双网络状结构,具有优良的机械强度和韧性,在90%的压缩应变下,其最大压缩应力可以达到60 MPa;水中的溶胀度为9.56 mg/mg,在pH值为12的溶液中溶胀度为15.34 mg/mg;Ce-Cs/PAAM双网络水凝胶吸附Cu^2+试验结果表明,在Cu2+的初始浓度为350 mg/L、pH值为5.5、吸附时间为90 min时,最大吸附量为312.4 mg/g。该文制备的CeCs/PAAM双网络水凝胶方法简单、力学性能、吸附性能优良,在重金属离子吸附领域具有一定的应用前景。     

紫外光引发聚合P(AM-MAPTAC)及其响应面优化制备

以丙烯酰胺（AM）与甲基丙烯酰胺丙基三甲基氯化铵（MAPTAC）为共聚单体,通过紫外光引发聚合法制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂P（AM-MAPTAC）。通过红外光谱（IR）与差热热重分析（TG/DSC）分别对P（AM-MAPTAC）进行结构表征与热稳定性分析,并采用响应曲面法得到优化制备条件：反应体系pH为4.75,引发剂v-044质量分数为0.07%,EDTA-2Na质量分数为0.20%,n（MATPAC）/n（AM）为0.33,光照时间为60 min。在优化条件下制备P（AM-MAPTAC）絮凝剂,特性粘度可达14.72 dL/g,通过污泥脱水实验可验证该特性粘度下的污泥脱水效果最好,滤饼含水率（FCMC）达70%,污泥比阻（SRF）达6.94×10¹²m/kg,上清液剩余浊度达9.70 NTU,污泥脱水效果优于市售常用絮凝剂。     

Extractability and chromatographic separation of rye (Secale cereale L.) flour proteins

A size exclusion – high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) method originally developed for separating wheat, barley or rice proteins was applied to study the extractability and molecular weight (MW) distribution of rye flour proteins. These were extracted with 50 mmol/l sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) containing 2.0% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and, optionally, 1.0% (w/v) dithiothreitol (DTT). About 95% of the proteins were extracted in buffer containing 2.0% SDS. Addition of 1.0% DTT to such buffer increased the protein extractability to 100%, indicating that rye flour contains some proteins cross-linked by disulfide (SS) bonds. The SE-HPLC profiles revealed that rye flour contains SS-linked HMW-secalins and 75 k γ-secalins which elute in specific peaks. Upon reduction, these SS-linked protein aggregates dissociate and some entrapped albumins, globulins and/or ω-secalins are released. Rye flour albumins and globulins elute over the entire SE-HPLC profile. In contrast, the monomeric ω-secalins and 40 k γ-secalins are detected in specific well resolved SE-HPLC peaks. The applied fast and reproducible method can be used to characterise and quantify rye flour proteins and to determine changes as a result of processing.     

柱状黄杆菌强毒株和弱毒株胞外蛋白中差异蛋白的初步鉴定

柱状黄杆菌(Flavobacterium columnare)是一种世界范围的水产动物致病菌,是中国重要养殖鱼类草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)等烂鳃病的病原。本研究以1972年从患"烂鳃病"草鱼上分离的两株冻干柱状黄杆菌G4和G18菌株为研究对象,并将G4株再次分离纯化得纯化菌株,命名为G4R3。对草鱼鱼苗浸泡攻毒结果显示,G4R3的LD50至少比G18的高3个数量级,因此G4R3为"强毒株",G18为"弱毒株"。利用蛋白质组学方法分析柱状黄杆菌强毒株G4R3和弱毒株G18的胞外蛋白,经过双向电泳并结合图像分析,共发现了34个点是差异表达的蛋白。胶内酶解、肽质量指纹图谱和串联质谱分析后,鉴定出其中的7个蛋白点,代表滑动蛋白K、腺酐甲硫氨酸合成酶和一种可能的膜蛋白等3种蛋白,它们可能是柱状黄杆菌的毒力因子。