农业产业链产业集群与粮食主产区农民增收——以河南省黄淮4市为例

阐述了农业产业链、产业集群对农民增收的作用。以河南省黄淮4市为实例,分析了粮食主产区农业产业链、产业集群未形成的主要原因,提出了粮食主产区培育粮食产业集群的对策。     

降水、灌溉和品种对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

8年田间试验结果表明,玉米产量明显受降水和灌溉的影响。玉米苗期灌溉最为关键,是保证高产的基础。在只灌溉苗水而没有其他灌溉条件下,夏玉米产量与7、8月份降水密切相关,而与生长季节的降水总量关系不明显。除了极干旱年份(季节降雨量小于200 mm)外,随着灌溉量增加,玉米水分利用效率(WUE)降低。玉米最优灌溉制度为:干旱年份,除了苗期的1次灌溉外,在拔节和扬花期分别实施2次灌溉;常年和湿润年份,除了出苗水外,在抽穗到扬花期的8月初实施1次灌溉。3年的田间试验结果表明,当地种植的不同玉米品种之间产量最大相差20%,水分利用效率差异在12%~19%。因此,将适宜的品种与优化的灌溉制度相结合,是提高华北平原夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的有效途径。     

Effect of timing and type of supplementary grain on herbage intake,nitrogen utilization and milk production in dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture from evening to morning

The present study aimed to clarify the effect of timing and type of supplementary grain in grazing dairy cows on herbage dry matter intake (HDMI), nitrogen utilization and milk production. Eight lactating cows were allowed to graze from evening to morning during three seasonal periods (spring, summer, autumn). They were randomly allocated to four treatments (timing: pre‐ (Pre) or post‐grazing (Post), for large grain allotments consisting of 75% of daily grain offered; grain type: barley or corn) in 4 × 4 Latin square designs in each period. In the spring period, HDMI was greater for cows fed corn than those fed barley (P = 0.005), whereas cows in the Pre treatment had a similar HDMI, higher (P = 0.049) urinary purine derivative concentration and greater (P = 0.004) milk yield compared with cows in the Post treatment. In the summer and autumn periods, timing treatments did not affect HDMI, nitrogen utilization or milk production, but cows supplemented with barley had higher urinary purine derivatives concentration (P < 0.05) and milk yield (P < 0.05) compared with those supplemented with corn. The results indicate that large grain allotments immediately before evening grazing during early grazing seasons increased ruminal microbial protein synthesis and milk production without reducing HDMI regardless of grain type.     

成都平原两熟区籼粳稻品种籽粒灌浆特性

【目的】研究成都平原两熟区籼、粳稻品种籽粒灌浆特性及产量形成的差异,为成都平原种植粳稻提供依据。【方法】以籼稻品种辐优838、泸优578及粳稻品种辽星15、辽星19为材料进行田间试验,利用Richards方程对不同品种强、弱势粒的灌浆过程进行比较,进而分析不同品种灌浆特性与抽穗后物质积累和转运及产量形成的关系。【结果】粳稻品种中辽星19不仅库容量大,结实率也高,其产量显著高于辽星15,且与籼稻品种辐优838、泸优578相当。籼、粳稻稻品种籽粒灌浆类型分别为强、弱势粒同步灌浆型和异步灌浆型,并且穗型大小对籼、粳稻灌浆结实的影响也存在差异。辽星19抽穗后干物质转运能力更接近当地的籼稻品种,有利于籽粒灌浆的启动;其每穗粒数虽显著高于辽星15,但弱势粒的灌浆速度并未降低,且达到灌浆峰值后下降减缓,灌浆时间也有所延长,最终结实率得到显著提高。【结论】粳稻品种辽星19每穗粒数虽多,但其抽穗后干物质转运能力得到加强,籽粒灌浆得到改善,仍能实现较高的结实率,因此在成都平原仍表现出较好的产量潜力。     

新收购不安全粮的三种处理模式

利用机械通风分别在秋末冬初和夏季对“三高”粮食进行降温、降水,达到安全储藏的目的。秋末通风使粮温降低到5℃左右,水分降低到12.5%左右,保持三个月以上的相对低温,通过恶化害虫的生存环境,不进行熏蒸处理可达到有效杀灭害虫的目的;夏季通风降水后再进行熏蒸处理,达到储粮长期安全储存的目的,为解决“三高”粮食的安全保管方面积累了经验,为向绿色储粮方向发展开辟了一条新途径。     

非粮食主产区农户耕地保护利益补偿制度的意愿分析———基于重庆市155 份农户认知调研数据

非粮食主产区作为耕地保护补偿的支付主体,其农户耕地保护利益补偿机制的意愿分析对于构建非粮食主产区耕地保护利益补偿机制具有重要作用.以重庆市为例,运用4个区(县)的农户调研数据,分析了农户对耕地保护的认知,并在此基础上,从补偿标准、补偿对象、补偿方式、补偿周期和补偿资金的监管方式等关键要素对农户的耕地保护利益补偿机制的意愿进行了分析.结果表明:(1)农户对耕地保护主体认知异化、外部性认知水平偏低;(2)耕地保护受偿意愿(WPA)的期望值为1 116.9元/年,远远高于现行的耕地保护补偿标准;(3)农户愿意接受的补偿方式与补偿周期分别呈平均分布、极端分布态势;(4)农户迫切希望建立耕地保护利益补偿的共同参与机制.最后,从提高耕地保护认知、规范补偿资金的用途,实施多元化的耕地保护补偿标准、补偿方式等方面提出政策建议.     

神府矿区土地利用与NDVI时空变化及其驱动因素分析

旨在研究矿区人类活动引起的土地利用变化及其对植被指数变化影响.以陕西省神府矿区为研究范围,应用线性趋势法和相关系数,结合土地利用和MODIS NDVI数据,分析了神府矿区土地利用与NDVI时空变化过程及其驱动因素.结果 表明,2000-2010年神府矿区土地利用变化特征表现为耕地大面积转为草地和建设用地迅速增加.200...     

Effects of planting patterns plastic film mulching on soil temperature,moisture, functional bacteria and yield of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China

The yield of winter wheat is hindered by drought and low temperature in the Loess Plateau of China. Two common mulching methods to conserve soil moisture, ridge furrows with plastic film mulching (RP) and flat soil surfaces with plastic film mulching (FP) are helpful for wheat production. Our previous study indicated that FP could improve wheat yield more effectively than RP, but the reason remains unclear. The effect of mulching method on functional bacteria also needs to be further studied. In this study, winter wheat was employed to evaluate the impacts of mulching method on soil temperature, moisture content, microorganisms and grain yield. The results showed that FP had a warming effect when the soil temperature was low and a cooling effect when the temperature was too high. However, the ability to regulate soil temperature in the RP method was unstable and varied with year. The lowest negative accumulated soil temperature was found in the FP treatment, which was 20–89 and 43–99% lower than that of the RP and flat sowing with non-film mulching control (NP) treatments, respectively. Deep soil moisture was better transferred to topsoil for wheat growth in the FP and RP treatments than the NP treatment, which made the topsoil moisture in the two treatments (especially FP) more sufficient than that in the NP treatment during the early growing stage of wheat. However, due to the limited water resources in the study area, there was almost no difference between treatments in topsoil water storage during the later stage. The wheat yield in the FP treatment was significantly higher, by 12–16 and 23–56%, respectively, than in the RP and NP treatments. Significant positive correlations were observed among the negative accumulated soil temperature, spike number and wheat yield. The Chao1 and Shannon indices in the RP treatment were 17 and 3.9% higher than those in the NP treatment, respectively. However, according to network relationship analysis, the interspecific relationships of bacteria were weakened in the RP treatment. Phosphorus solubilizing, ammonification and nitrification bacteria were more active in the RP than in the FP treatment, and microbes with nitrate reduction ability and plant pathogens were inhibited in the RP treatment, which improved nutrient availability and habitat for wheat.     

Effect of Soybean Meal Replaced by Brewer's Grain or Fermented Brewer's Grain on Growth Performance,Immune Organ Index and Intestinal Flora of Meat Geese

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soybean meal replaced by brewer's grain (BSG) or fermented brewer's grain (FBSG) on growth performance,immune organ index and intestinal flora of meat geese.A total of 250 geese at 28 days of age were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 5 replicates per group and 10 geese per replicate.The geese in control group were fed a basal diet (with soybean);The geese in groups 1 and 2 were fed the basal diet with the 10% and 20% BSG replacing the soybean,respectively;The geese in groups 3 and 4 were fed the basal diet with the 10% and 20% FBSG replacing the soybean,respectively.The whole experiment period was 42 days,including three phases:15 d (early stage),14 d (middle stage) and 14 d (later stage).The results showed as follows:①From the whole experiment period,compared with control group,the ADG of geese in group 1 was significantly increased (P<0.05),the ADG and ADFI of geese in group 4 were significantly decreased (P<0.05),there were no obvious change in growth performance of geese in groups 2 and 3 (P>0.05).② Compared with control group,the thymus index and spleen index of geese in groups 1,2 and 3 were extremely significantly increased at early stage (P<0.01);At middle and later stages,the spleen index of geese in group 2 were significantly and extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01);There were no significant differences in bursa of fabricius index of geese among all groups (P>0.05).③ Compared with control group,the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in cecum in groups 1 and 2 were extremely significantly decreased at early and later stages (P<0.01),while the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were increased in different degrees;the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus in cecum in groups 3 and 4 were extremely significantly increased at later stage (P<0.01).In conclusion,10% BSG replacing soybean in the basal diet could improve the growth performance and intestinal flora of meat geese;10% FBSG replacing soybean in the basal diet could promote the growth of beneficial bacteria of meat geese,but had no effect on growth performance;While 20% replacing soybean in the basal diet could decrease the feed intake and weight gain of meat geese,hinder its growth and development.     

中国储粮昆虫历次调查总结与分析

根据2004～2005年进行的全国性储粮昆虫调查,共采集记录储粮昆虫(包括天敌)270种,其中害虫226种,储粮害虫天敌44种,分别隶属于2纲,12目,54科,146属.其中属于昆虫纲的种类有:鞘翅目昆虫31科;鳞翅目昆虫6科;膜翅目昆虫5科;蜚蠊目、半翅目、双翅目昆虫各2科;啮虫目、缨尾目、等翅目、革翅目昆虫各1科.属于蛛形纲的种类有:拟蝎目的拟蝎科;蛛形目的壁钱科.第1至第4次虫调均有的储粮昆虫56种,并提出我国储粮昆虫新记录4种,同时分析了有潜在危险的储粮昆虫和几种重要储粮害虫发生发展情况.