橡胶树死皮防治缓释颗粒调理剂造粒工艺的研究

橡胶树死皮已成为制约天然橡胶生产发展的重要因子之一,研发轻简、高效的死皮防治技术是目前橡胶生产中亟需解决的问题。以腐植酸为载体,对橡胶树死皮防治缓释颗粒调理剂的圆盘造粒工艺进行了研究。通过设计正交试验,分析了圆盘倾斜角度、圆盘转速及粘结剂对缓释颗粒调理剂的粒度、颗粒强度及颗粒崩解率的影响,确定了合理的造粒工艺：圆盘转速为60 r/min、倾角30°,粘结剂为壳聚糖。最优工艺条件下制备的缓释颗粒调理剂的粒度为91.5%、颗粒强度为34.1 N、崩解率为10%,粒度及颗粒强度已达国家复合肥标准相关要求;从崩解率看,所制备的调理剂颗粒具有一定的缓释性能。本研究的开展可为实现轻简、高效的橡胶树死皮防控提供技术支撑。     

调亏灌溉对温室番茄生长发育及其产量和品质的影响

明确作物各生育期水分需求,并制定合理灌水制度是节水增产的重要途径。本文以华北地区日光温室番茄为研究对象,设置3种水面蒸发系数,分别在开花坐果期轻度(k_(0.7)k_(0.9))或中度(k_(0.5)k_(0.9))水分亏缺,成熟采摘期轻度(k_(0.9)k_(0.7))或中度(k_(0.9)k_(0.5))调亏控水,以充分灌水(k_(0.9)k_(0.9))为对照,对番茄生长发育及其产量和品质进行了分析。结果显示:k_(0.7)k_(0.9)和k_(0.5)k_(0.9)植株生长速率分别较k_(0.9)k_(0.7)和k_(0.9)k_(0.5)弱,开花坐果期水分亏缺会导致产量降低1.2%,WUE降低11.2%;对比各个处理,k_(0.9)k_(0.9)产量最高,为141.07t/hm~2,但WUE偏低,仅为47.99kg/m~3,与产量相差不大的k_(0.9)k_(0.7)相比,k_(0.9)k_(0.9)灌水量增加29mm,WUE却降低6.8%。品质方面,除果实硬度外,番茄在成熟采摘期亏水50%可显著提高果实营养品质。最后,提出适合华北地区温室滴灌番茄的经济耗水指标,即全生育期灌水量约为230mm时可达到节水高产和高效的统一。     

Effect of tillage intensity on weed infestation in organic farming

Conservation tillage is not yet widely accepted by organic farmers because inversion tillage is considered to be necessary for weed control. Three long-term experiments were established with combinations of reduced and conventional plough tillage and stubble tillage to determine weed infestation levels in organic farming, i.e. herbicide application being excluded. Experiment 1 (with very low stocking density of perennial weeds) showed that in presence of primary tillage by mouldboard ploughing the number of annual weeds was nearly unaffected by the mode of stubble tillage. In experiment 2, however, with Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) being artificially established, thistle density was significantly affected by stubble tillage and by a perennial grass–clover forage crop. Experiment 3 combined two levels of stubble tillage (skimmer plough, no stubble tillage = control) with four implements of primary tillage in the order of decreasing operation depth (deep mouldboard plough, double-layer plough, shallow mouldboard plough or chisel plough). Primary tillage by chisel plough resulted in significantly highest annual weed density compared to all other treatments. The natural C. arvense infestation in experiment 3 showed highest shoot density in the “skimmer plough/chisel plough” treatment compared to the lowest infestation in the “skimmer plough/double-layer plough” treatment. The poor capacity of the chisel plough for weed control was also reflected by the soil seed bank (5500 m⁻² C. arvense seeds for chisel plough, <300 seeds for all other primary tillage). A reduced operation depth of the mouldboard plough (“shallow mouldboard plough”) seemed to have an insufficient effect in controlling C. arvense infestation as well. Stubble tillage by the skimmer plough in addition to nearly any primary tillage operation largely reduced both annual weeds and thistle shoots. Most effective in controlling C. arvense was also a biennial grass–clover mixture as part of the crop rotation.Double-layer ploughing is a compromise between soil inversion and soil loosening/cutting and can be regarded as a step towards conservation tillage. In terms of controlling annual weeds and C. arvense, the double-layer plough was not inferior to a deep mouldboard plough and seems to be suitable for weed control in organic farming. Tilling the stubble shallowly after harvest can support weed control in organic farming remarkably, particularly in reducing C. arvense. If no noxious, perennial weeds occur and primary tillage is done by soil inversion, an omission of stubble tillage can be taken into consideration.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌——开放的基因组与多种功能

苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)作为微生物杀虫剂,被广泛应用于农业、林业和卫生害虫的防治;而利用Bt杀虫基因研制的转基因植物,也在全球植物害虫防治中发挥了重要作用。近年来,随着科学技术的发展与社会需求的拓展,Bt新的功能被不断发掘出来。这些新的功能包括抗线虫、抗病杀菌、促进植物生长、环境修复等。本文从Bt的泛基因组结构及其遗传学特性分析入手,在详细介绍了近来Bt杀虫基因发掘进展的同时,分析了泛基因组与Bt新的功能之间可能存在的关系,旨在为我国Bt资源的研究与应用提供参考。     

The Ant Mosaic - Tropical Tree Crops and the Limiting of Pests and Diseases

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of herbicides in controlling Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. D. Clayton and Cyperus rotundus L. in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) at different moisture regimes as imposed by a line source sprinkler system. Preemergence application of pendimethalin [N‐(1‐ethylpropyl)‐3,4‐dimethyl‐2,6‐dinitrobenzenamine] was highly effective in controlling R. cochinchinensis irrespective of soil moisture after herbicide application. Bentazon [3‐(1‐methylethyl)‐(1H)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐one 2,2‐dioxide] and 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] applied at postemergence effectively controlled C. rotundus when moisture supply was well above pan evaporation. These herbicides also had no adverse effect on rice stand and resulted in higher yield over the control. Water application rates above upland pan evaporation for a season‐long period was essential to obtain a high response to weed control either by herbicides or hand weeding. The data suggest that proper weed control by herbicides or hand weeding will not result in high upland rice grain yields if moisture level from rains fall below the critical level.     

地下水对土壤耕层的污染特性研究

通过模拟不同水位、污染度的地下水在不同质地土壤耕层中的迁移，进行了地下水中盐分和重金属对土壤耕层污染规律的研究。结果表明，不同水位、不同质地土壤中，污染地下水在土壤中EC值的垂直分布规律相似，土壤底层和表层EC值较高。轻质土耕层内EC值变幅较大；水位越高，耕层中EC值总体越小。地下水中Na和SO4^2-在土壤耕层中的分布以表层浓度较高，其他层上浓度较低。Cr^6 在土壤表层分布浓度较高，Hg^2 在近地表层浓度较高，而Pb^2 在土层上的分布没有明显的规律。对单一离子来说，随着地下水污染度的增加，在某一土层上该离子的浓度也有所增大。     

Preliminary results with sex pheromones to trap potato tuber worm moths in Saudi Arabia

Summary A mixture of sex pheromone PTM₁ (trans-4,cis-7-tridecadien-1-ol acetate) and PTM₂ (trans-4,cis-7,cis-10-tridecatrien-1-ol acetate) on rubber cap dispensers was used to attract adult male tuber moths to water pan traps. Correlation analysis of daily catches made over a 61-day period showed that temperature and relative humidity accounted for 20.5% and 1.4% respectively of catch variability. Further studies are needed to reveal any major components of the 78% residual variability.     

耕地质量对耕地生产力的影响

耕地作为植物生长的载体,是重要的农业生产资料.随着社会进程的不断推进,耕地质量的重要性日益凸显.提升耕地质量对增强耕地生产力,保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义.本研究在总结前人研究的基础上,对耕地质量的内涵进行了归纳总结,即耕地质量可概括为耕地环境、耕地土壤属性、耕地管理水平等因素共同作用下所呈现出来的耕地综合产出能力.耕...     

有机-无机复混肥圆盘造粒试验研究

对有机-无机复混肥圆盘造粒进行试验研究，分析了圆盘转速、圆盘倾角、喷头喷孔直径以及水分含量对颗粒成粒率和颗粒抗压强度的影响，确定了有机一无机复混肥圆盘造粒时较适宜的圆盘倾角、圆盘转速和水分含量。     

虚拟犁体曲面的性能分析

以LEMLON犁体曲面为基础,在Pro/E中分析了犁体曲面的基本性能,指出其存在的问题;然后,在An-sys上对梨体曲面进行有限元分析,找出了犁体曲面在设计中的薄弱环节,从而为犁体曲面的优化设计提供了有利的支撑。