面向犁体优化设计的三维CAD系统

研究开发了参数化犁体ＣＡＤ三维（３Ｄ）图形系统（ＰＳＣＡＤ），以辅助犁体优化设计，将３Ｄ概念引入ＣＡＤ，开发３Ｄ绘图与实体造型的三维图像模拟技术，保证了犁体研究与优化过程的直观和透明。该系统采用达到二阶参数连续的犁体曲面，样板曲线通用数学模型和参数造型，较传统建模方法光顺性有大幅度提高，可满足任意复杂及不同型式犁体的设计要求。     

油菜种床整备开畦沟仿靴形锐角开沟犁设计与试验

针对长江中下游土壤黏重板结、含水率波动大及前茬水稻秸秆留存量大的复杂工况和油菜种植需开畦沟的生产要求,研制了油菜机械直播种床整备开畦沟仿靴形锐角开沟犁.选择平滑抛物线作为滑切刃口曲线,开展仿靴形锐角开沟犁三面楔建模和犁体与土壤相互作用动力学分析,确定滑切刃口曲线的滑切角范围为23°～67°、犁体入土角为30°、犁尖张角...     

Mulching Affects Soil Properties and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under Long‐Term No‐Till and Plough‐Till Systems in Alfisol of Central Ohio

Agricultural activities emit greenhouse gases (GHGs) and contribute to global warming. Intensive plough tillage (PT), use of agricultural chemicals and the burning of crop residues are major farm activities emitting GHGs. Intensive PT also degrades soil properties by reducing soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. In this scenario, adoption of no‐till (NT) systems offers a pragmatic option to improve soil properties and reduce GHG emission. We evaluated the impacts of tillage systems (NT and PT) and wheat residue mulch on soil properties and GHG emission. This experiment was started in 1989 on a Crosby silt loam soil at Waterman Farm, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Mulching reduced soil bulk density and improved total soil porosity. More total carbon (16.16 g kg⁻¹), SOC (8.36 mg L⁻¹) and soil microbial biomass carbon (152 µg g⁻¹) were recorded in soil under NT than PT. Mulch application also decreased soil temperature (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–60 cm). Adoption of long‐term NT reduced the GHG emission. Average fluxes of GHGs under NT were 1.84 g CO₂‐C m⁻² day⁻¹ for carbon dioxide, 0.07 mg CH₄‐C m⁻² day⁻¹ for methane and 0.73 mg N₂O‐N m⁻² day⁻¹ for nitrous oxide compared with 2.05 g CO₂‐C m⁻² day⁻¹, 0.74 mg CH₄‐C m⁻² day⁻¹ and 1.41 mg N₂O‐N m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively, for PT. Emission of nitrous oxide was substantially increased by mulch application. In conclusion, long‐term NT reduced the GHG emission by improving the soil properties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

盐碱地肥沃耕层构建水肥盐综合调控机理与技术研究进展

盐碱地是我国重要的后备耕地资源，我国历来高度重视盐碱地的改良和利用工作，但目前盐碱区淡水资源日益短缺严重制约了盐碱地的改良利用。如何在水资源约束下，优化统筹土壤水肥盐动态调控是当前盐碱地可持续利用中亟待解决的关键科学问题。近年来，大量研究利用有机培肥、耕作、节水灌溉、田间覆盖、咸水利用等农艺措施，在盐碱地建立“控盐、保肥、保水”的肥沃耕作层，显著改变了水肥盐在土壤-植物-大气连续体中的运移过程，实现了盐碱地质量和产能快速提升，上述内容也日益成为盐碱地改良利用中的重要研究方向。本文系统总结了盐碱地改良和肥沃耕层构建等方面的研究进展，并针对盐碱地肥沃耕层构建下土壤水肥盐综合调控及其与植物生长的协同关系等进行了展望，以期为盐碱地可持续改良利用提供参考。