Assessment of plastic ingestion by pole-caught pelagic predatory fish from O'ahu,Hawai'i

1. Although the frequency of occurrence of plastic ingestion in the large-sized dolphinfish and tunas taken by the Hawai'i longline fishery is very low (frequency of occurrence < 5% of sampled individuals), the ingestion of plastic in smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line gear by commercial and recreational fishers has not been investigated.
2. This study examined ingestion of >0.25 mm marine plastic debris (MPD) by four predatory fish species caught by commercial fishers around the Main Hawaiian Islands, and documented ingestion in three species: 85.7% of albacore tuna (n = 7), 40.0% of skipjack tuna (n = 10) and 12.5% of dolphinfish (n = 8).
3. Yellowfin tuna (n = 10) did not contain any MPD, probably owing to the high proportion of empty stomachs (60%).
4. For skipjack tuna, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was significantly higher for the smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line (40%), compared with the larger-sized specimens caught with longlines (0%).
5. For dolphinfish, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was similar for the similar-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line and with longlines.
6. The ingested MPD items were micro–meso plastics, between 1 and 25 mm. While most ingested items were fragments, albacore also ingested line and skipjack also ingested sheets.
7. The predatory fishes ingested light MPD items that float in sea water, but there were species-specific differences in their polymer composition: albacore contained more polypropylene and polyethylene, and skipjack contained more elastomers, characterized by a high percentage of ester plasticizers.
8. Altogether, these results suggest that albacore and skipjack tunas ingest plastic of different types and polymers. Yet more research is needed to understand how differences in vertical distribution, foraging ecology and diet influence the MPD sampled by these predatory fish species.

     

黄土高原半干旱区水土保持植被恢复限度——以人工柠条林为例

为了确定水资源不足地区植被恢复潜力和水土保持林建设目标,在黄土丘陵半干旱区宁夏固原上黄试区,对相同立地条件的16年生人工柠条林进行疏伐,建立不同密度林地,进行林分密度、森林植被水土保持效益和土壤水分关系的定位实验。结果表明：平均基径随密度的增加而减少,二者为线性关系;盖度随密度的增加而增大,盖度与密度为对数关系;林冠截留随密度的增加而增大,二者为指数关系;地表径流随密度的增加而减少,二者为对数关系;泥沙含量随密度的减少而增加,二者关系可用倒S形曲线描述。虽然密度增加,盖度增加,森林植被水土保持效益增强,但是受土壤水资源的限制,柠条林有一个最大恢复限度。当超过限度时,势必会引发或加剧土壤旱化。     

地膜覆盖导致旱地玉米减产的负面影响(简报)

通过对地膜覆盖导致旱地玉米减产的实例分析表明,覆膜处理提高了土壤温度,生育期明显提前,但在玉米抽雄前后遭受了重伏旱,影响了玉米正常授粉,最终导致玉米严重减产,连续两年减产率分别为73.6%和12.9%.试验区地膜覆盖玉米在抽雄前后受重伏旱的频率为15.9%,可能受"卡脖早"而导致减产的后果不容忽视.因此在半干旱地区应根据具体条件来合理选择和应用地膜覆盖.     

宁夏引黄灌区造林树种地膜覆盖育苗技术探讨

为了缩短育苗周期,提高育苗成活率,培育合格的良种壮苗,连续4年在宁夏引黄灌区育苗基础最雄厚的平罗县对几个造林主栽树种臭椿、白腊、国槐和新疆杨进行覆膜育苗试验,取得明显成效。试验结果证明,覆膜育苗与露地育苗相比,具有成苗率高、苗木生长健壮整齐、抽干程度轻、周期可缩短一年、经济效益十分明显等特点,具有很大的推广价值。     

速生耐寒邓恩桉在桉树分布北缘区的适生性

桉树E uca lyp tus为世界热带、亚热带地区的极有价值的造林树种.对邓恩桉在湘中地区引种后的生长情况进行调查.结果表明:在桉树引种北缘区,邓恩桉年平均高生长为2.3~3.0 m,胸径生长2.2~3.0 cm,表现出一定的抗瘠薄能力、抗寒耐寒性和速生性.扼要地总结了邓恩桉种苗繁殖技术的进展,并就存在的问题提出了解决方法.     

麻栎胚根切除防穿袋育苗技术的研究与应用

麻栎是云南滇中地区的本土树种。1999年以来,在云南牟定县启动实施的中德合作造林项目中采取云南松与麻栎混交的主要造林模式,在麻栎育苗过程中,采用普通的塑料袋育苗技术存在出圃前出现主根严重穿袋现象,造成了苗木出圃率和移植成活率较低。为此,开展了麻栎胚根切除技术及育苗用土施肥2种措施,在防止育苗穿袋方面取得了成功,并在中德合作云南二期造林项目中推广和应用3193hm^2,采用麻栎胚根切除技术育苗,苗木合格率提高了25．70％,造林成活率提高了32％,取得了显著的经济和社会效益。     

浅谈梁河县冬春烤烟地膜覆盖栽培技术

阐述云南德宏州梁河县冬春烤烟地膜覆盖栽培背景和地膜覆盖栽培技术。     

THE REIMPROVEMENT FOR IMPULSE OF G. I. TAYLOR THEORY OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION IN IMPACT OF CYL1NDICAL PROJECTILES

In this paper the reimprovement for G. I. Taylor theory of plastic deformation in impact of cylindical projectiles is done. The impulse in the reimproved theory is G. I. Taylor' s 1/2, and 3/4 of G. I. Taylor' s improved theory. The analytical solution of the reimproved theory shows that it gives better agreement with exprimental results than those of the original Taylor' s theory and, the improved theory.     

保护地蔬菜栽培不同灌水方法对表层土壤盐分含量的影响

通过 3年连续保护地栽培蔬菜小区试验 ,对滴灌、渗灌、沟灌 3种灌水方法的土壤盐分积累状况进行了比较研究。试验后 0～ 2 0 cm土层土壤全盐含量以沟灌最高 ,渗灌次之 ,滴灌最低 ;滴灌土壤 p H下降幅度明显低于渗灌和沟灌土壤。在 0～ 2 0 cm土层内全盐含量呈幂指数形式分布 ,即地表处含量最高 ,随深度增加逐渐下降 ;而土壤 p H则随深度增加而直线上升。另外 ,土壤中可溶性盐的阴离以 NO-3 为主 ,阳离子以 Ca2 + 为主。这说明选择合理灌水方法 ,是防止土壤退化、提高保护地作物产量和质量的有效途径。     

基于残膜力学特性的弹齿拾膜接触分析及实验

由于地膜的厚度、破损程度对弹齿式拾膜机构的拾膜率有重要影响,为提高拾膜率,必须了解残膜力学性能。为此,从残膜力学性能的分析出发,研究不同厚度的残地膜的抗拉强度、延伸率等力学性能的变化及残膜力学性能与弹齿捡拾机构性能之间的关系,为拾膜机构的设计提供理论依据。采用有限元法分析拾膜弹齿与地膜作用时的受力和变形情况,并采用高速摄影试验验证理论分析及仿真结果的正确性。