酶膜耦联反应降解酪蛋白制备抗菌肽

利用木瓜蛋白酶降解分离酪蛋白,采用间歇式酶解反应、间歇式膜分离反应、酶膜耦联反应3种不同的模式制备抗菌肽,以金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,用比浊法测定抑菌率。结果表明,间歇式酶解反应所得的抑菌肽抑菌效果最差;间歇式膜分离反应组酶解时间7 min的透过液抑菌效果最好,抑菌率达23.60%;酶膜耦联反应分离后分子量<4 kDa的组分抑菌效果最佳,透过液抑菌率最高达24.10%。将酶解反应与膜分离耦合来水解酪蛋白,发现水解物的不同分子量成分与抑菌效果有关,证明此方法可用来工业化生产抗菌肽。     

基于低温等离子体辅助催化技术的柴油机排放试验

基于介质阻挡放电理论,设计了低温等离子体发生器,协同Na-Rh/γ-Al2O3负载型催化剂建立了低温等离子体辅助催化（NPAC）系统。通过台架试验研究了在NPAC技术作用下,柴油机有害排放的变化规律。研究结果表明：在NPAC技术作用下,柴油机碳烟颗粒排放有效降低,最高转化效率接近58%;NOx排放总量明显降低,在中低负荷时,转速3 600 r/min对应的NOx转化率比较高,最高达81.5%;在高负荷时,转速2 000 r/min对应的NOx转化率较高。     

介质阻挡低温等离子处理对花生蛋白持水性及溶解性的影响

花生蛋白营养丰富,但因功能性质差,导致其在食品工业应用受限。低温等离子技术作为一种新兴的、非热、无危害技术,越来越受人关注,介质阻挡放电(dielectricbarrierdischarge,DBD)等离子体技术由于具有适应频率宽,可在较大空间内获得高密度非平衡等离子体,并且工艺简单、快速高效、节能环保,是近年来蛋白质改性研究的热点之一。采用介质阻挡低温等离子体对花生蛋白溶液进行改性处理,研究等离子体处理时间对花生蛋白结构及功能特性影响。试验结果表明:低温等离子处理能显著提高花生蛋白的溶解性、持水性,低温等离子处理时间为2min时,花生蛋白溶解性和持水性达最大,与未处理样品相比分别提高了24.8%和79.6%;同时,花生蛋白乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性和持油性也有不同程度的提高。借助十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)、傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared,FTIR)、表面疏水性分析低温等离子对花生蛋白结构影响。分析结果表明,低温等离子处理并未改变花生蛋白的分子量分布;低温等离子处理后,β-折叠和无规则卷曲的含量增加,α-螺旋和β-转角的含量降低,蛋白的有序结构被破坏,结构由紧密变松散;花生蛋白表面疏水性显著提高。低温等离子处理是一种改善蛋白功能性质的有效方法。     

十八胺化学改性下壤土的斥水性与入渗性能研究

以壤土为研究对象,将十八胺基伯胺作为斥水剂掺入天然风干重塑壤土中,配置了不同十八烷基伯胺含量和初始含水率的改性试样,采用滴水穿透时间法测定了改性壤土的斥水等级,提出并获得了改性壤土的临界含水率,分析了十八烷基伯胺含量、壤土斥水等级、初始含水率的关系。在此基础上,采用全自动三轴渗透仪,开展了改性壤土在不同水头差作用下的渗透试验,揭示了不同斥水等级壤土的入渗性能,获得了改性壤土的稳定入渗率。结果表明:十八烷基伯胺含量和土壤含水率是影响土壤斥水性的重要因素。十八烷基伯胺含量越高,土壤斥水等级越大,上限含水率越低,而下限含水率越高。土壤斥水等级相同时,初始入渗速率受水头差影响较小,如十八胺基伯胺质量分数为0.6%的土壤,20和60k Pa水头差条件下其初始入渗速率分别为0.210和0.238cm/s;入渗持续一段时间后,入渗速率突然降低,降至0.005 cm/s,进入稳定入渗阶段。土壤斥水性越强,稳定入渗速率和稳定入渗率均呈下降趋势,壤土防渗效果越好。起始出渗时间随水头差的增大而减小,随土壤斥水性的增大而增大。上述研究成果可为斥水性土壤应用于土木水利工程领域提供试验基础。     

花青素纳米纤维智能标签对羊肉新鲜度的无损检测

为实现羊肉新鲜度的无损、实时、可视化检测,及建立可靠的预测模型,将花青素纳米纤维智能标签应用于市售温度（10±2 ）℃储藏下的羊肉,并测定了智能标签的微观结构和胺敏感性,以及羊肉储藏过程中的新鲜度指标（感官品质、挥发性盐基总氮含量（Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen,TVB-N）、pH值、菌落总数、酸度/氧化力系数）和纤维膜的色差。结果表明：花青素纳米纤维膜呈淡粉色,由250 nm左右的均匀纤维丝组成,具有胺敏感性;羊肉的各新鲜度指标指示其在储藏72 h时已腐败变质,同时纤维膜由粉色变为白色;相关性分析表明纤维膜色差与各新鲜度指标具有显著相关性（P<0.05）,并建立了准确率为88.2%的色差对TVB-N的预测模型（R2=0.967）。综上所述,羊肉新鲜度的无损、可视化和实时检测可通过花青素纳米纤维智能标签实现,且根据标签颜色即可初步预测羊肉新鲜度级别,为解决肉类安全问题提供了新思路。     

基于膜蒸馏的沼液资源化处理研究进展

沼液可占湿法厌氧发酵后发酵剩余物总质量的80％以上,在农田土地承载量和运输成本的双重限制条件下,大型沼气工程的沼液很难通过还田利用的方式进行完全消纳.对沼液实行资源化处理既能减少沼液体积和降低对环境的潜在威胁,还可实现高附加值的资源回收,促进可持续的农业循环经济发展.作为膜分离技术中的重要分支,膜蒸馏在沼液处理过程中具...     

中波紫外线处理对香菇采后维生素D2含量及生化品质的影响研究

为强化香菇中维生素D₂含量,并研究中波紫外线(UV-B)对香菇营养品质、活性氧代谢相关酶活性以及超微结构的影响,本研究将鲜香菇置于0.203 mW·cm^-2的UV-B紫外灯下,正反面分别照射0.5、1、2、3 和4 h,考察香菇营养品质、表观形态、抗氧化相关酶活及其超微结构结。结果表明,与对照组相比,UV-B处理2 h后维生素D₂含量从0升至104.87 μg·g^-1,持续延长处理时间,维生素D₂含量未出现显著增加,维生素C含量整体呈先上升后下降趋势,在UV-B处理2 h时最高为46.1 μg·g^-1。有机酸、可溶性糖含量、酶等对UV-B处理不敏感,均保持稳定状态;但长时间照射使香菇色泽显著加深,细胞受损,膜透性增加;UV-B处理2 h时相对电导率较对照组提高了20.61%,处理3 h时相对电导率提高了63.25%。香菇经UV-B处理2 h后,在后期贮藏过程中表现出较好的品质稳定性。本研究结果表明,2 h的UV-B照射处理有助于提高香菇维生素D₂、维生素C的含量和抗氧化系统的强化,并且对于其他营养品质无显著负面影响,对提高香菇的商品价值有较好的参考价值。     

Anisotropy of pore functions in structured Stagnic Luvisols in the Weichselian moraine region in N Germany

In order to determine if soil hydraulic properties present a direction‐dependent behavior, undisturbed samples were collected at different horizons and orientations (vertical, diagonal [45°], and horizontal) in structured soils in the Weichselian moraine region in northern Germany. The water‐retention curve (WRC), the saturated hydraulic conductivity (k_f), and the air permeability (k_a) were measured. The air‐filled porosity (?_a) was determined, and pore‐continuity indices (k_a/?_a, k_a/?_a², N) and blocked porosities (?_b) were derived from the relationship between k_a and ?_a. The development of soil structures with defined forms and dimensions (e.g., platy by soil compaction or prismatic up to subangular‐blocky by swelling–shrinkage processes) and the presence of biopores can induce a direction‐dependent behavior of pore functions. Although the pore volume as a scalar is isotropic, the saturated hydraulic conductivity and air permeability (as a function of air‐filled porosity) can be anisotropic. This behavior was observed in pore‐continuity indices showing that the identification of soil structure can be used as a first parameter to estimate if hydraulic properties present a direction‐dependent behavior at the scale of the soil horizon.     

Membrane Dialysis Extraction (MDE): A Novel Approach for Extracting Toxicologically Relevant Hydrophobic Organic Compounds from Soils and Sediments for Assessment in Biotests

Goal, Scope and Background   Organic solvents are routinely used to extract toxicants from polluted soils and sediments prior to chemical analysis or bioassay. Conventional extraction methods often require the use of heated organic solvents, in some cases under high pressure. These conditions can result in loss of volatile compounds from the sample and the degradation of thermally labile target analytes. Moreover, extracts of soils and sediments also frequently contain substantial quantities of organic macromolecules which can act as sorbing phases for target analytes and in doing so interfere with both chemical analysis and bioassays. Membrane dialysis extraction (MDE) is described as a simple, passive extraction method for selectively extracting toxicologically relevant hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) from polluted soils and sediments and anaylzed for its applicability in ecotoxicological investigations. Methods   Toxicologically relevant hydrophobic organic compounds were extracted from wet and dry sediments by sealing replicate samples in individual lengths of pre-cleaned low-density polyethylene (LD-PE) tubing and then dialysing in n-hexane. The efficacy of the MDE method for use in ecotoxicological investigations was assessed by testing the concentrated extracts in the neutral red assay for acute cytotoxicity, in the EROD assay for the presence of dioxin-like compounds and in the Danio rerio fish egg assay for embryotoxic and teratogenic effects. Conditions of the sediment sample (with or without water content), dialysis membrane length and duration of dialysis were analyzed with respect to their impact on three endpoints. Results of the MDE investigations were compared to data obtained in samples prepared using conventional Soxhlet extraction. Results and Discussion   The membrane dialysis extraction was found to be at least as efficient as Soxhlet methodology to extract toxicologically relevant HOCs from sediment samples. In most cases, MDE-derived extracts showed a higher toxicological potential than the Soxhlet extracts. Lack of any significant effects in any MDE controls indicated these differences were not caused by contamination of the LD-PE membrane used. The elevated toxicological potential of MDE extracts is most likely the result of enhanced bioavailability of toxic compounds in consequence of lower amounts of organic macromolecules (i.e. sorbing phases) in the MDE extracts. This effect is probably the result of a size-selective restriction by the LD-PE membrane. Conclusion   Membrane dialysis extraction was found to be a simple, efficient and cost-effective method for the extraction of sediment samples. MDE can be used to extract toxicologically relevant hydrophobic organic compounds from both wet and dry sediments without the risk of loosing volatile and thermally labile target analytes. The size-selectivity of the LD-PE membrane also appears to have the capacity to increase the bioavailablity of potential target analytes in the resulting extracts by retaining much of the organic macromolecules present in the sample. Thus, results suggest that MDE may be particularly useful for the extraction of toxicologically relevant hydrophobic organic compounds from soils and sediments for bioassays and other ecotoxicological investigations. Recommendation and Perspective   Further validation of MDE has been initiated and the applicability of the methodology to other sample types will be investigated. Of particular interest is the potential application of MDE to recover hydrophobic target analytes from biological samples such as muscle, other soft tissues and blood.     

猪场沼液UF-MBR+RO处理工艺浓缩液回流的盐积累模型

反渗透(Reverse Osmosis,RO)膜工艺在沼液深度处理中发挥重要作用,其浓缩液回流引起的盐积累会降低生化阶段的效能.该研究模拟猪场沼液超滤(Ultrafiltration,UF)-膜生物反应器(Membrane Bioreactor,MBR)+RO处理工艺中浓缩液回流,构建盐积累模型预测不同污泥停留时间(S...