三江源区不同建植年限人工草地根系动态特征

根系动态特征能够反映人工草地植物利用土壤资源的效率和群落恢复演替的程度.本研究以三江源区不同建植年限(5、6、9和13年)人工草地植物根系为研究对象,利用"微根管"技术,连续两个生长季(2015年5-9月和2016年5-9月)探究了4个建植年限人工草地根系动态特征.结果表明:地上生物量和丰富度在建植5～9年呈下降趋势,...     

饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、孵化性能、生殖器官发育以及血浆和肝脏生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、孵化性能、生殖器官发育以及血浆和肝脏生化指标的影响。选择288只产蛋率和体重接近的45周龄岭南黄羽肉种母鸡,随机分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加10、20、30 mg/kg植物精油。试验期10周。结果显示：1)饲粮中添加植物精油对黄羽肉种鸡的平均日产蛋重、料蛋比、平均蛋重、产蛋率、合格蛋率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。2)对照组的蛋白高度显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),对照组的哈氏单位显著低于10和20 mg/kg植物精油组(P<0.05),对照组的蛋壳厚度显著低于20 mg/kg植物精油组(P<0.05)。3)对照组的受精蛋孵化率显著低于10 mg/kg植物精油组(P<0.05)。4)对照组的卵巢系数显著低于10和20 mg/kg植物精油组(P<0.05),对照组的输卵管重量和输卵管系数显著低于10 mg/kg植物精油组(P<0.05)。5)对照组的血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著高于20 mg/kg植物精油组(P<0...     

宁夏典型草原不同退耕年限草地植物-土壤生态化学计量特征

为了研究宁夏典型草原不同退耕年限草地优势植物及土壤 C、N、P化学计量特征,本研究以宁夏南部典型草原区退耕草地为对象,分别对退耕0、1、3、5、6、8、11、15、20年草地优势植物及土壤碳、氮、磷等生态化学计量特征进行研究。结果表明,各植物全氮含量均表现为地上部分大于地下部分,且猪毛蒿整体全氮含量较其他植物高。全磷含量除赖草外也表现为地上部分大于地下部分。退耕1年狗尾草和退耕3年赖草有机碳含量表现为地下部分大于地上部分,其余各退耕年限地上部分大于地下部分。优势植物C∶N、C∶P、N∶P整体表现为退耕20年长芒草最大。赖草和猪毛蒿最小。退耕6年以上20年以内土壤有机碳含量由表层向深层逐层递减;全氮含量退耕0~6年呈波动式变化,退耕8年后全氮含量由表层向深层逐层递减;全磷含量变化趋势与全氮相同。研究区土壤C∶N变化范围为7.08~19.62,C∶P变化范围为6.60~35.25,N∶P变化范围为0.82~2.17。各层土壤C∶N平均值变化范围为11.18~15.03,C∶P平均值变化范围为14.09~24.55,N∶P平均值变化范围为1.06~1.98;除C∶N接近我国土壤C∶N均值外,研究区土壤C∶P和N∶P均低于我国土壤C∶P和N∶P均值。并且相应地表优势植物C∶N、C∶P、N∶P明显高于表层土壤。本研究中土壤C∶N与土壤有机碳之间相关性不显著,与全N呈负相关,意味着C∶N主要受N控制,而C∶P与有机碳呈显著正相关,与全P相关性不显著。土壤N∶P与土壤全N含量呈显著正相关,与土壤全P含量相关性不显著,说明主要受N控制,而土壤全N含量随退耕年限的增加呈波动式上升趋势。植物与土壤碳、氮、磷相关性显示:植物全N与土壤N之间相关性不显著(P>0.05),植物全P与土壤全N、全P呈极显著的相关关系(P<0.01),与土壤有机碳和N∶P呈显著的相关关系(P<0.05)。     

林麝放牧区野生饲用植物叶营养成分的综合分析

在测定林麝（Moschus berezovskii）喜食野生植物叶的常规养分及矿物质元素的基础上,利用简单线性相关、营养类型及聚类分析,对植物叶成分含量进行了综合分析与归类,以期明析24种野生植物叶的养分含量特点和营养类别,为林麝日粮中青粗料的合理搭配及饲草资源的开发提供参考依据。结果表明,24种植物叶粗纤维(CF)含量均能满足林麝需要;粗蛋白(CP)含量仅构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）、葎草（Humulus scandens）及野桑（Morus alba）能满足其需要;钙含量均超过需要;磷含量部分超过需要;杜仲（Eucommia ulmoides）、苦木（Picrasma quassiodes）、葎草（Humulus scandens）及木姜子（Litsea pungens）等的钙磷比低于7.00,铁、锰含量超过林麝营养需求,铜、锌不足;灰分（Ash）与CP呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,Ash与无氮浸出物（NEF）呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01）, CF与NEF呈显著负相关（P＜0.05), CP与NEF呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01）;金钱槭（Dipteronia sinensis）、野桑、木姜子C/N均小于3.75,属于N型,葛萝槭（Acer grosseri）C/N为7.27,属于C N型,蛇葡萄、构树、葎草属于灰分 N型,金银忍冬（Lonicera maackii）、铁箍散（Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis）、丛花南蛇藤（Celastrus rosthornianus var.loeseneri）属于NC 灰分型,其余属于N C型;按常规养分含量可将植物叶分为6类,按矿物质元素含量可将植物叶分为7类。     

Phytotoxic sites of action for molecular design of modern herbicides (Part 1): The photosynthetic electron transport system

A bird's eye review was tried to select the bio‐rational targets from known and novel plant‐specific ones for the molecular design of modern herbicides, which exhibit efficient phytotoxicity at a low‐use rate and preserve a good environment in the 21st century. In phytotoxic sites in the photosynthetic electron transport (PET) system discussed in the present article (Part 1), the generally called bleaching herbicides interfering with the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophylls and carotenoids, and the biosynthesis of plastoquinone, were considered to be good models for the molecular design of modern herbicides. The PET itself was still considered as an interesting target site for new herbicides, although they need to exert their action in all green leaves of weeds to achieve herbicidal efficacy. Because these herbicides never form a tight binding with D1‐protein, their use‐rate cannot be expected to be as low as the herbicides inhibiting chlorophyll or branched amino‐acid biosynthesis. Other herbicidal targets found in chloroplasts, namely ATP and NADPH formations, have already been omitted from the worldwide biorational molecular design program of herbicides targeting the PET system.     

5种干旱区野生观赏植物染色体数目及其核型分析

本文采取常规根尖压片法对 5种干旱区野生观赏植物进行了染色体数目统计 ,并对其中的 3种进行了核型分析。结果表明 :5种植物染色体均属于二倍体 ,其中白花枝子花(DracocephalumhererophyllumBenth .)、角蒿 (IncarvilleasinensisLam .)、金露梅 (PotentillafruticosaL .)有四倍体现象 ;3种植物染色体核型公式分别为白花枝子花 2n =1 2 =1 0m + 2st,角蒿 2n =2 2 =1 8m + 4sm ,北点地梅 (AndrosaceseptentrionalisL .) 2n =1 8=1 6m + 2sm ,均属于原始类型。本次试验旨在为研究物种多样性、建立干旱区野生观赏植物基因库、保护和繁育野生观赏植物等提供科学依据。     

4种方法研究蚕豆挥发物对南美斑潜蝇及甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂寻找寄主的趋向作用

为了研究蚕豆Vicia faba挥发物在南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis及其优势寄生性天敌甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂Opius dimidiatus寻找寄主中的作用,本文采用了4种行为观测法进行试验,分别为＂I＂型嗅觉仪单刺激源、＂Y＂型嗅觉仪双刺激源、双室器双刺激源和田间模拟多刺激源的行为反应。试验分别设置健康植株处理、虫害植株处理和机械损伤植株处理及空气或泥土对照。结果表明,南美斑潜蝇雌虫和甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂雌虫在寻找寄主的过程中对蚕豆挥发物有显著的趋向作用。健康蚕豆植株处理和虫害植株处理分别对南美斑潜蝇雌虫和甘蓝潜蝇茧蜂雌虫选择寄主有显著的引诱作用。4种行为观测法所得结果基本一致。     

Insecticide-tolerant and plant-growth-promoting Rhizobium improves the growth of lentil (Lens esculentus) in insecticide-stressed soils

BACKGROUND: Application of insecticides in modern agriculture in order to enhance legume production has led to their accumulation in soils to levels that adversely affect soil microflora such as rhizobia and exert a negative impact on the physiological activities associated with them. This study was therefore designed to identify rhizobial strains expressing higher tolerance to insecticides fipronil and pyriproxyfen and synthesising plant growth regulators even amid insecticide stress. RESULTS: The fipronil‐ and pyriproxyfen‐tolerant Rhizobium sp. strain MRL3 produced plant‐growth‐promoting substances in substantial amounts, both in the presence and in the absence of the insecticides. In general, both insecticides at recommended and higher rates reduced plant dry biomass, symbiotic properties, nutrient uptake and seed yield of lentil plants. Interestingly, when applied with any concentration of the two insecticides, Rhizobium sp. strain MRL3 significantly increased the measured parameters compared with plants grown in soils treated solely with the same concentration of each insecticide but without inoculant. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that Rhizobium strain MRL3 may be exploited as a bioinoculant to augment the efficiency of lentil exposed to insecticide‐stressed soils. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

The yam nematode (Scutellonema bradys), a potential threat to potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in West Africa

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in Africa is rapidly expanding and becoming increasingly important. As its geographical production range broadens, so does its potential to host new pests and diseases. Following the discovery that potato can be affected by Scutellonema bradys, further studies were undertaken to assess its potential pathogenicity on potato under screenhouse and field conditions, and on marketed tubers. Potato plants inoculated with S. bradys produced tubers with substantial cracking and evident tuber rot, compared with tubers from uninoculated plants. Symptoms of nematode infection on tubers included a scaly appearance, surface cracking as well as deeper tissue cracks, distortions, and darkened surface patches. In most cases these patches were related to sub‐surface rot. Nematodes were recovered from the soil, roots and tubers of inoculated plants. Eight weeks after inoculation, the reproduction factor of the nematode was greatest (2·0) at the lowest inoculation rate assessed (1000 nematodes per 2·5‐L pot) and least (0·4) at the highest inoculation rate (5000 nematodes per pot). In the screenhouse, potato tuber weights were low and mostly unaffected by nematode inoculation rate, except at 5000 nematodes per pot. In the field, non‐inoculated plants yielded over nine times more tubers than plants inoculated with 2000 S. bradys. Low densities of S. bradys were also recovered from 10 of 15 (67%) samples collected from market stalls, indicating field infection. This study confirms that potato can host and be damaged by S. bradys, raising its prospect as a likely significant biotic constraint to the crop.     

Induction of Systemic Resistance in Cucumber against Several Diseases by Plant Growth-promoting Fungi: lignification and Superoxide Generation

Five fungal isolates (Trichoderma, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phoma and a sterile fungus) from zoysiagrass rhizosphere that promote plant growth were tested for their ability to induce systemic resistance in cucumber plants against Colletotrichum orbiculare. Roots of cucumber plants were treated with these fungal isolates using barley grain inocula (BGI), mycelial inocula (MI) or culture filtrate (CF). Most isolate/inoculum form combinations significantly reduced the disease except BGI of Trichoderma. These fungal isolates were also evaluated for induction of systemic resistance against bacterial angular leaf spot and Fusarium wilt by treatment with BGI. Penicillium, Phoma and the sterile fungus significantly reduced the disease incidence of bacterial angular leaf spot. Phoma and sterile fungus protected plants significantly against Fusarium wilt. Roots treated with CFs of these fungal isolates induced lignification at Colletotrichum penetration points indicating the presence of an elicitor in the CFs. The elicitor activity of CFs was evaluated by the chemiluminescence assay using tobacco callus and cucumber fruit disks. The CFs of all isolates elicited conspicuous superoxide generation. The chemiluminescence activity of the CF of Penicillium was extremely high, and its intensity was almost 100-fold higher than that of other isolates. The chemiluminescence activity was not lost following treatment with protease or autoclaving or after removal of lipid. The MW 12,000 dialyzed CF fraction was highly effective in eliciting chemiluminescence activity. Chemiluminescence emission from cucumber fruit disks treated with Penicillium was the same as that obtained from tobacco callus, except that the lipid fraction also showed a high activity. Both the MW 12,000 fraction and the lipid fraction induced lignification in the epidermal tissues of cucumber hypocotyls.