Some interactions of cadmium with other elements in plants

Abstract

Cadmium in solution culture at 10^‐4 M decreased Mn concentrations in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) at both low and high concentrations of Mn (noncompetitive inhibition). When Mn was decreased, the concentrations of Fe and several other ions were simultaneously increased, particularly in leaves and roots. Toxicity due to the 10^‐6 M Cd and the 10^‐4 M Mn was additive in the experiment. When barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Atlas57)was grown in amended soil, 15μg Fe as DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) per g soil resulted in increased uptake of Cd and in somewhat greater yield depression for soil pH of 3.9, 6. 0, and 7.6. Acidification of soil without DTPA also increased Cd uptake to high levels with associated yield decrease. The Cd decreased the uptake of Mn and Cu most when CaCO₃ had also been added to the soil. When salts were added to soil with Cd before bush beans were grown, KCl (200 μg K/g soil), and equivalent KH₂PO₄ increased Cd concentrations of leaves while CaSO₄ and KCl did so for roots. In bush beans with different levels of Cd and Zn, there were no yield interactions, but some interactions of Cd on Zn concentrations in leaves, stems, and roots at the high Zn level.     

Excess trace metal effects on cotton: 4. Chromium and lithium in Yolo loam soil

Abstract

Two cultivars of cotton (Gossypium spp) were grown in Yolo loam soil in a glasshouse to determine phytotoxicity effects of Cr and Li and possible interactions with other metals. The Cr at 100 μg/g soil had no adverse effects on either cultivar studied. A Cr increase was not observed in either stems or leaves. Both cultivars tolerated 25 and 50 μg Li/g soil. The 50 μg Li/g soil resulted in leaves of Acala SJ‐2 with 432 μg Li/g leaves and 720 in Giza 45. The 100 μg Li/g soil resulted in 74% and 87% leaf yield reductions in Acala SJ‐2 and Giza 45 respectively. Leaf concentrations of Li respectively were 1950 and 1850 μg/g. Except at the highest level of Li, leaves had higher concentrations of Li than did roots. The Cr and Li resulted in some plant metal interactions.     

Phytotoxicity of organic acids as influenced by montmorillonite,hydroxy‐Al montmorillonite and phosphate fertilization

Abstract

The germination and growth of wheat seedlings were studied at pH 5.5 in liquid growth media with organic acids in concentrations ranging from 800 to 1200 ppm, before and after interaction of the organic acids with montmorillonite and hydroxy‐Al montmorillonite. Germination was not affected by the organic acids, but subsequent growth was dependent on the kind and concentration of organic acid in the growth medium. Acetic acid was more inhibitory than citric acid. Gallic acid polymerized at pH 5.5 and was phytotoxic at 1200 ppm. Interaction of organic acids with montmorillonite and hydroxy‐Al montmorillonite reduced the concentration of organic acids in solution by adsorption. Despite this reduction in concentration the phytotoxicity of the growth media was enhanced after the interaction. This was caused by the dissolution of surface Al and the effect was more pronounced in cases where hydroxy‐Al interlayered montmorillonite was the adsorbent. Additions of P as KH₂PO₄ alleviated the phytotoxicity of organic acids but not the associated Al toxicity. The amount of P lost by adsorption or precipitation was dependent on the form of Al in the growth media.     

The phytotoxicity of natural tetramic acid derivatives

Natural tetramic acid derivatives have attracted a great deal of interest of chemists because of their structural features and the broad range of biological activities. This paper focuses on five naturally occurring tetramic acid derivatives reported to have phytotoxicity and discusses their common structural characteristics. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Potential of a novel antibiotic, 2-methylheptyl isonicotinate, as a biocontrol agent against fusarial wilt of crucifers

Screening for newer bioactive compounds from microbial metabolites resulted in the isolation of a novel antibiotic from the culture filtrate, Streptomyces sp 201, of a soil. The bioactive compound, with antifungal and antibacterial activity, was identified as 2-methylheptyl isonicotinate. The antifungal activity of live culture, culture broth and the isolated bioactive compound showed marked inhibition against dominant soil-borne phytopathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum Schlect, F moniliforme Sheldon, F semitectum Berkeley & Ravenel, F solani (Martius) Sacc and Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. The compound had no effect on seed germination and seedling development as displayed by root and stem growth of the test plant species. In pot experiments with seedlings of cruciferous plants such as Raphanus sativus L (radish), Brassica campestris L (yellow mustard), Brassica oleracea var botrytis L (cauliflower), the antibiotic compound showed promising protective activity of 92% when seeds of the test plants were treated at a dose of 50 micrograms ml-1 prior to sowing. Seed treatment with a spore suspension (3 x 10(8) spores ml-1) of the Streptomyces sp 201 displayed protective activity in the range of 56-60%. Seeds coated with 2.5% methyl cellulose-amended spores of the antagonist showed protective activity in the range of 64-72%. Further, seed treatment with the culture filtrate of the antagonist also showed promising protective activity in the range of 64-84%.     

Influence of organic carbon on reductive dechlorination of thiobencarb in California rice field soils

The herbicide thiobencarb is suspected of causing delayed phytotoxicity syndrome (DPS) in rice plants. While the ultimate agent appears to be its dechlorinated product (deschlorothiobencarb), the influence of organic carbon on the formation of deschlorothiobencarb in California rice field soils has not been investigated. Thus, two different soils were compared for their ability to reductively dechlorinate thiobencarb with carbon augmentation: one from the eastern Sacramento Valley, which has historically displayed DPS, and one from the western Sacramento Valley, which has not. Rice straw was homogenized into samples of each soil to produce 0, 0.33 or 2% organic carbon augmentation. During 90-days of anoxic incubation, substantial deschlorothiobencarb production was measured in both soil types. However, only the thiobencarb degradation rate in the eastern valley soil was positively correlated with carbon content. Thus, other characteristics of DPS-resistant soils may limit deschlorothiobencarb formation.     

两种叶菜类蔬菜对毒死蜱的吸收转移规律

采用水培方法,研究了毒死蜱对两种叶菜类蔬菜菠菜和生菜生长的影响、在不同培养液中的降解速度以及在蔬菜中的吸收和转移规律。结果表明,低浓度毒死蜱(1.0和10.0mg·L-1)对两种供试蔬菜的生长没有明显影响,但高浓度毒死蜱(100.0mg·L-1)对两种蔬菜的生长均有一定的影响,而且生菜对毒死蜱较菠菜更为敏感。两种蔬菜均能明显促进毒死蜱在溶液中的降解,在不同溶液中的降解速度如下:菠菜-培养液>生菜-培养液>塘水>培养液。两种供试蔬菜对毒死蜱均有很强的吸收能力,而且具有相似的吸收规律。毒死蜱在菠菜根中达到最大吸收值所需的时间比生菜根所需的时间短,但在茎和叶中所需的时间两种蔬菜相同。     

50%二氯喹啉酸WP替代药剂的筛选

为筛选出50%二氯喹啉酸WP的替代药剂,选择30%氯酰草膦EC、33.6%苯吡唑草酮SC、315 g/L异噁唑草酮·噻酮磺隆SC作为替代药剂与50%二氯喹啉酸WP在同一玉米地进行田间试验。结果表明:30%氯酰草膦EC除草效果及对玉米的安全性均未达到50%二氯喹啉酸WP同等水平,不宜作为替代药剂;33.6%苯吡唑草酮SC杂草防治效果与50%二氯喹啉酸WP相当,玉米的生长情况与50%二氯喹啉酸WP差异不显著,虽可以降低二氯喹啉酸的药害风险,但考虑到用药成本和半衰期远大于50%二氯喹啉酸WP,亦不宜作为替代药剂;315 g/L异噁唑草酮·噻酮磺隆SC的除草效果优于50%二氯喹啉酸WP,且易降解,可作替代药剂用于玉米-烤烟轮作区玉米地杂草防除,可以解决二氯喹啉酸对后茬烟草的药害问题。     

复合外源活性物质对小白菜除草剂毒害的缓解效应

以小白菜(Brassica rapa chinensis)为材料,研究了复合外源活性物质对两种除草剂(草甘膦和2,4-D)药害的缓解效果.结果表明,草甘膦和2,4-D胁迫后,小白菜叶片分别出现黄斑或卷叶现象,产量也有不同程度降低;而施用复合外源活性物质后其药害症状得到不同程度缓解,且二者均以稀释800倍液处理(WY800)的效果最佳,谷胱甘肽含量和抗氧化酶活性也均有不同程度提高.该结果说明该复合外源活性物质可一定程度缓解草甘膦和2,4-D在小白菜上产生的药害.     

纸浆厂废弃物和堆肥对番茄早期生长的影响

本文比较了来自不同有机物组合的三种堆肥（马粪和垫草,貂场废弃物,城市生活垃圾和污泥）和纸浆厂固体废弃物对提高番茄生长的影响.番茄、水芹、小红萝卜种植在有机养分贫瘠的土盆中,发芽后评价四个处理的植物毒性.结果表明：马粪和垫草,貂场废弃物能刺激番茄苗根部和地上部的生长,城市生活垃圾堆肥和纸浆厂固体废弃物有强烈的抑制作用;城市生活垃圾堆肥和无修复的土壤同样抑制种子萌发,纸浆厂固体废弃物处理使水芹和小红萝卜苗畸形发育,这些处理的有毒成分和养分失调都可能造成生长抑制的影响,不经过腐熟的纸浆厂固体废弃物施用到农业土壤有可能对蔬菜类植物造成有害的影响.