Development and Validation of a New Soil Universal Extractant: 0.02 Molar Strontium Chloride

Abstract

In this experiment, when the strontium chloride–citrate acid extractant (0.02 M SrCl₂–0.05 M citrate) was used for extraction of calcareous soils with calcium carbonate greater than 70 g kg^?1, the filtrate was turbid. Furthermore, white precipitation appeared when this extract was used for phosphorus determination with the Murphy and Riley method. As the concentration of citrate in strontium chloride–citrate acid extractant decreased to 0.025 or 0 M, the filtrate became clean. Further experiments indicated that the 0.02 M SrCl₂ extractant could be used as a universal extractant for soil nitrate+nitrite and potassium; the extracted nitrate+nitrite and potassium significantly correlated with nitrogen and potassium phytoavailability, respectively, determined with ryegrass pot experiment (P<0.05). Thus, the 0.02 M SrCl₂ was recommended as a universal extractant for soil nitrate+nitrite and potassium.     

外源稀土作用下根–土界面元素转化、分布及其植物有效性的研究进展

外源稀土（RE）可导致根-土界面物理、化学及生物学特性发生根本性变化,特别是根系主导的根际动态过程的变化。如施用不同剂量RE条件下,稀土元素（REE）与根系的相互作用使根系生长、酶活性、细胞质膜透性等受到不同程度的影响。根系生长、酶活性的变化反映了植物可能通过根系形态学、生理学的适应性和非适应性变化机制来改变根系吸收养分、REE及重金属离子的能力,直接影响根际离子进入根系中的含量;而根系细胞质膜透性的变化则反映了植物可能通过根系分泌作用的适应性和非适应性变化机制来改变根系有机酸、质子等的分泌状况,使之作用于根际环境,制约养分、REE及重金属元素在根际的形态转化与迁移分布模式,从而间接影响根际离子进入根系中的含量。本文从外源RE对根系生长状况和酶活性的影响;对根系细胞质膜透性和分泌作用的影响;对根际养分、REE及重金属元素动态的影响;对根系养分、REE及重金属元素吸收分布的影响等4个方面的国内外文献出发,就土壤-植物系统中外源RE作用下根-土界面养分、REE及重金属元素的转化、分布及其植物有效性的响应变化与相关机制做出综述,同时提出目前研究中存在的问题,对今后的研究方向进行展望。     

Extractability of major and trace elements from agricultural soils using chemical extraction methods: Application for phytoavailability assessment

Abstract

To assess soil-to-plant transfer of various elements more precisely, the concentrations of the elements extracted from soil samples using eight chemical solutions were compared with the results of a pot cultivation experiment of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) or buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) using the soils. From agricultural fields in Aomori, Japan, 16 soil samples were collected. Elements in the samples were extracted using acids (1 mol L^?1 HNO₃, 0.1 mol L^?1 HNO₃, 0.01 mol L^?1 HNO₃), chelating agents (0.05 mol L^?1 EDTA), neutral salt solutions (1 mol L^?1 NH₄OAc, 1 mol L^?1 NH₄NO₃, 0.01 mol L^?1 CaCl₂) and pure water. The 28 elements in the extracted solutions and plant samples were determined. The extractability of many metals was higher in 1 mol L^?1 HNO₃, 0.1 mol L^?1 HNO₃ and the 0.05 mol L^?1 EDTA solutions than in the other extractants. Higher extractability using the NH₄OAc solution than the NH₄NO₃ solution was observed for some elements, in particular U. Extractability by pure water was not always lowest among these methods, probably because of dispersion of colloidal substances in the extracted solution. The pot cultivation experiment showed that the concentrations in soil and in the extracted fraction using 1 mol L^?1 HNO₃, 0.1 mol L^?1 HNO₃ or the EDTA solution did not correlate with the concentration in plant samples for most elements. Plant uptake of Zn, Y and La by komatsuna correlated well with their concentrations in extracts with neutral salt solutions or 0.01 mol L^?1 HNO₃. Concentrations of Al, Cu and Cd in buckwheat were also correlated with the concentrations in the extracts.     

Relative Phosphorus Phytoavailability of Different Phosphorus Sources

Understanding differences in the phytoavailability of various phosphorus (P) sources should improve matching P additions to plant needs and minimize excessive buildup of bioavailable P, which can degrade aquatic systems. We evaluated relative P phytoavailability (RPP) of different P sources in glasshouse and field studies. Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluggae), ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and a second bahiagrass crop were grown in succession in a P‐deficient soil amended with four sources of P (triple superphosphate (TSP), Boca Raton and Pompano; biosolids, and poultry manure), each applied at two rates in the glasshouse study and to an established bahiagrass pasture in the field. The RPP values estimated from plant P uptake of each organic source of P relative to TSP in the glasshouse were similar for the three croppings and similar to the estimates derived from the field study, but varied for the different P sources. Values ranged from 30% for poultry manure to 85% for Boca Raton biosolids. Boca Raton biosolid P was as readily available as P in TSP and would be classified as a high RPP (>75% RPP) source, but Pompano biosolids and manure would be classified as moderate RPP materials (25–75% RPP). The RPP values observed in manure and Pompano biosolid treatments are consistent with 50% “effectiveness” suggested for biosolid P in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines, whereas P bioavailability of Boca Raton biosolids is similar to mineral fertilizer.     

DGT和化学提取法评价贵州赫章土法炼锌区污染土壤中镉的植物吸收有效性

以马铃薯、白菜和玉米为典型作物,以贵州省赫章县"土法炼锌"冶炼区重金属复合污染土壤为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验比较了五种传统化学提取剂(HNO_3、DTPA、LMWOAs、HCl和CaCl_2)和梯度扩散薄膜技术(diffusive gradients in thin films,DGT)对土壤Cd的植物吸收有效性影响。研究结果表明:"土法炼锌"影响区土壤总体呈碱性;马铃薯与白菜可食部位对供试土壤Cd的富集系数基本相同,而玉米籽粒对供试土壤Cd的富集系数远小于块茎类和叶菜类,马铃薯、白菜和玉米的富集系数平均值分别为0.105 3、0.105 8和0.007 9;一元线性与二元回归表明DGT测定土壤有效Cd含量与作物可食部分Cd含量相关系数大于五种传统化学提取剂;五种提取态中,CaCl_2提取态测定有效态Cd也可较好预测马铃薯和白菜可食部分Cd含量(R2adj分别为0.805和0.808),HNO_3提取态测定有效态Cd也可较好预测三种作物可食部分Cd含量(R_(adj)~2分别为0.822、0.874和0.764)。在本实验条件下,DGT技术评价"土法炼锌"冶炼区土壤镉植物吸收有效性效果优于五种化学提取态,但考虑不同作物类型,土壤pH因素以及操作的简单快捷性,CaCl_2提取态和HNO_3提取态也可成为预测重金属冶炼区复合污染碱性土壤Cd的植物吸收有效性的方法。