适度水分胁迫下增硝对不同基因型水稻苗期生长及生理特性的影响

以不同基因型代表性稻种（冈优527、扬稻6号、中旱3号、农垦57）为材料,采用水培试验,进行不同水分胁迫程度和不同氮素形态的处理,分析了水分胁迫及氮素形态对不同基因型水稻生长发育的影响及其生理机制。研究结果表明:正常水分供应条件下,适当地提高硝态氮肥的比例（铵硝配比为50∶50）,不影响各营养器官净光合速率(Pn),并能促进水稻叶及根中硝态氮含量增加,但硝态氮肥比例>50%,会导致各生理及代谢指标的显著降低,不利于不同基因型水稻的生长;而适度的水分胁迫下,适当增加硝态氮比例（铵硝配比50∶50）相对于非水分胁迫、纯铵态氮肥处理,更有利于提高功能叶Pn,促进渗透调节物质的积累,能发挥以水促肥的优势,进而促进水稻的生长。此外,不同基因型水稻生长在适度水分胁迫下对增硝营养的响应程度差异显著,籼稻与粳稻相比,杂交籼稻和常规籼稻相比,常规粳型旱稻与常规粳型水稻相比,前者在净光合速率、氮素吸收利用上均表现出更为明显的优势,同品种耐旱性规律一致。     

亚精胺对干旱胁迫下决明种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

为探寻缓解决明种子及幼苗干旱胁迫的方法,该文研究了在15％聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫下,施加不同体积分数的外源Spd对决明种子发芽率(Gr)、发芽指数(Gi)及活力指数(Vi)的影响,以及Spd处理对决明幼苗叶片的总叶绿素、超氧阴离子(O2-·)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸质量分数以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性等生理指标的影响.结果表明:①在15％ PEG-6000胁迫下,决明种子萌发受到显著抑制,经过不同体积分数的Spd处理后各项萌发指标均有显著提高,0.50 mmol/L的Spd处理各项指标值增幅最大,种子发芽率(84.67)、发芽指数(95.10)和活力指数(7.30)与干旱对照相比分别提高了1.84,1.19和1.96倍.②不同体积分数Spd处理决明幼苗叶片后,与干旱对照的值相比,总叶绿素质量分数、SOD及POD活性显著升高,而可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、O2-·、MDA质量分数及CAT活性则有不同程度的降低,且以0.50 mmol/L Spd处理后的效果最为显著.研究表明适宜体积分数(0.50 mmol/L)的Spd能显著提高干旱胁迫下决明种子的萌发能力,通过调节保护酶活性来有效减缓干旱胁迫对决明幼苗的伤害,缓解渗透调节物质的过度积累,提高决明种子及幼苗的耐旱能力.     

4种金色叶树木对SO2胁迫的生理响应

近年来 SO₂污染比较严重,它对植物有着多方面的影响。因此,越来越多的学者开始关注这方面的问题。彩叶植物在丰富园林景观及降低环境污染方面占用重要的地位,它们也被认为是净化城市空气最有效的途径之一。 旨在阐明4种彩叶树种耐SO₂污染机制,对丰富植物耐SO₂研究的理论、科学评价植物抗SO₂污染能力以及指导园林绿化科学选择树种等具有重要理论和现实意义。研究采用人工模拟熏气的方法对金叶女贞、金叶莸、金叶风箱果和金叶红瑞木4种金色叶树种的2年生苗木进行不同浓度的 SO₂ 胁迫,研究了参试树种的外观受害症状及膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性等生理指标对 SO₂ 的反应,并采用模糊数学隶属函数法和灰色关联度法对其抗SO₂能力进行了综合评价。结果表明: 4种金色叶植物对 SO₂ 均具有一定的净化能力,表现为随着 SO₂ 浓度的增加膜透性增大,丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和硫含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶以及过氧化氢酶活性上升,叶绿素含量先增后降,叶液 pH 值下降。但4种金色叶树木对 SO₂ 的净化能力有差别,其中金叶红瑞木的净化能力强最大,金叶女贞和金叶风箱果的净化能力为中等,而金叶莸的净化能力最差。这与其含硫量的顺序一致,却与其对SO₂的抗性大小即金叶女贞> 金叶莸> 金叶红瑞木>金叶风箱果完全不同,说明这四种植物对 SO₂ 的吸收能力与其对该气体的抗性不完全一致。但这不能表明抗性差的树种在兰州地区不能应用,因为,兰州市空气中的SO₂实际污染程度与研究所设置的最低浓度相比仍属安全浓度。在所选的10个指标中,丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、脯氨酸、过氧化物酶活性、叶绿素和可溶性糖等指标均可作为金色叶植物对 SO₂ 抗性的重要鉴定指标,而S含量和叶液 pH 值在评价植物对SO₂抗性能力时并不具有重要性。4种植物的受害程度与其SO₂抗性相反,说明受害症状可以作为判断其对SO₂抗性大小依据。     

喀斯特地区古茶树幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应及其抗旱性综合评价

 以贵州喀斯特地区10个古茶树扦插苗为材料,采用盆栽控水法研究其对干旱胁迫的生理响应,并筛选出抗旱的种质资源。试验结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,10个古茶树扦插苗的相对含水量、F_v/F_m、气孔开放率和气孔大小均呈下降趋势,而相对电导率、丙二醛含量、H₂O₂含量与产生速率以及气孔密度呈上升趋势;从10个古茶树扦插苗中选出1个强抗旱材料,5个较强抗旱材料。田间持续干旱试验验证了基于生理指标的隶属函数分析对于古茶树扦插苗筛选的准确性及可靠性。     

土壤水分对山杏光合作用日变化过程的影响

在半干旱黄土丘陵区,应用CIRAS -2型光合作用测定系统,通过测定8个土壤水分梯度下山杏(Prunus sibirica L.)叶片光合生理参数的日变化过程,探讨土壤水分变化对山杏光合作用日变化过程的影响.结果表明:1)山杏光合作用日变化过程和光合午休的原因,随土壤水分的变化而明显不同,当土壤相对含水量(WT)在56.1％～66.1％之同时,山杏没有发生光合作用午休现象,但超出此土壤水分范围会发生不同程度的光合午休现象,当Wr在93.2％ ～77.0％之间时,山杏光合午休的主要原因是气孔因素限制,当Wr在49.3％ ～37.3％之间时,光合午休的主要原因开始由气孔因素向非气孔因素转变,当Wr小于37.3％后,光合午休的主要原因为非气孔因素限制,即叶肉细胞光合能力下降;2)当Wr在49.3％～77.0％之间时,山杏同时具有较高的光合速率和水分利用效率.     

棉花根际解钾细菌的生理活性和促生效果

考察优良棉花根际解钾菌株K1111、K1114、K2115、K3105和K3205的溶磷、解钾、产铁载体和产吲哚乙酸等生理活性。将其接种到棉花根际,通过盆栽试验,研究5株菌株对棉花根系发育与生长的影响。结果表明,这5株菌的产铁载体能力均达到5+(极高量)水平;分泌吲哚乙酸的浓度在6.6～12.4μg/mL之间;同时具有很高的溶磷能力。接种5株菌株的棉花根系活力、株高和干重均显著高于不施钾肥的对照组,高于或相当于施钾对照组。     

Dry‐Matter and Grain Yield,Nutrient Uptake,and Phosphorus Use‐Efficiency of Lowland Rice as Influenced by Phosphorus Fertilization

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most yield‐limiting factors in lowland acid soils of Brazil. A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive years to determine dry‐matter and grain yield, nutrient uptake, and P‐use efficiency of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown on an acidic Inceptisol. Phosphorus rates used in the experiment were 0, 131, 262, 393, 524, and 655 kg P ha^?1 applied as broadcast through termophosphate yoorin. Dry‐matter yield of shoot and grain yield were significantly (P<0.01) and quadratically increased with P fertilization. Concentrations (content per unit dry‐weight leaves) of nitrogen (N), P, and magnesium (Mg) were significantly increased in a quadratic fashion with the increasing P rates. However, concentrations of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) were not influenced significantly with P fertilization, and Mn concentration was significantly decreased with increasing P rates. Phosphorus use efficiencies (agronomic, physiological, agrophysiological, recovery, and utilization) were decreased with increasing P rates. However, magnitude of decrease varied from efficiency to efficiency.     

Cowpea Quality Seed Indicators as Influenced by Field Application of Selected Biofertilizers and Mycoinsecticide in Three Agroecological Zones of Cameroon

Inoculation of cowpea with biofertilizers (rhizobia + mycorrhiza), and spraying them with the mycoinsecticide Metarhizium anisoplae has been shown to improve growth and grain yield. However, the treatment may impair the technological properties of the grains, which have not yet been investigated. This study is a followup to our recent study on the effect of selected biofertilizers and mycoinsecticide in three agroecological zones of Cameroon, aimed at evaluating the physical properties and the protein content of cowpea seeds as affected by these bio-inoculants. Spraying cowpea plants at flowering with the mycoinsecticide M. anisopliae and/or inoculating cowpea seeds at sowing with biofertilizers (rhizobia, mycorrhizae) had no significant effect on the protein content, water absorption capacity, and the percentage of seed coat. They instead significantly affected the physical properties of seeds, such as the seed weight, length, geometric diameter, and sphericity, but this varied from one agroecological zone to another. Whereas the seed weight was increased in agroecological zone V, a significant decrease was observed in zones I and II. The changes in weight reflected those of diameter and volume as confirmed by the correlation analysis. Application of biofertilizers had no significant effect on the water absorption capacity, protein, and coating percentage of cowpea seeds, suggesting that the main qualities of cowpea seeds for industrial utilization remained the same. The increased yield generally associated with these treatments may result from changes in the geometric size, which depends on the agroecological zone.     

Preliminary NPK foliar diagnostic norms for wheat

Abstract

Foliar diagnostic norms for NPK in wheat leaves derived using Beaufils’ Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) are presented. These norms were calculated from published and unpublished data of various workers who presented leaf composition with corresponding yields. The preliminary norms appear to be applicable to wheat irrespective of variety and age at which the leaf sample is taken. These norms are able to correctly diagnose the requirements of the crop more often than those based on the critical or sufficiency level approach.     

Changes in soil bacterial community structure and microbial function caused by straw retention in the North China Plain

ABSTRACT

The effects of straw retention on soil bacterial community structure, microbial function, and biochemical properties were assessed. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and community-level physiological profile (CLPP) assays were used to assess the bacteria community structure and microbial function respectively. Treatments included straw removal with conventional tillage (CT), straw retention with conventional tillage (SRCT) and straw retention with no tillage (SRNT). SRCT and SRNT significantly (p < 0.05) increased soil organic carbon by 8.9% and 9.7%, and microbial biomass carbon by 44.7% and 330.8%, respectively, compared with CT. T-RFLP analysis indicated that straw retention had no favourable effect on soil bacterial diversity, and SRCT significantly (p < 0.05) decreased bacterial diversity compared to CT. Among the three treatments, SRNT had the highest activity of urease, invertase, cellulase, and β-glucosidase. SRCT significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activity of invertase and β-glucosidase compared to CT treatment. CLPP analysis showed that microbial functional diversity was significantly (p < 0.05) increased by straw retention. Enzyme activity and microbial functional diversity were not correlated with bacterial diversity. Therefore, according to this study, SRNT is a better farming practice because it improves soil fertility and biological quality.