不同土壤条件对蓝莓光合作用和叶片氮、磷、钾含量的影响

本实验以南高丛蓝莓品种‘绿宝石’为研究材料,以土壤pH、有机肥施用量和珍珠岩施用量三个因素设置正交实验,研究蓝莓在不同土壤条件和不同生长时期,其净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率以及叶片氮、磷、钾含量的变化规律,为蓝莓健康生长提供理论依据。结果表明：萌芽期,最佳处理土壤条件为土壤pH值4.2,有机肥施用量14.4 kg,珍珠岩施用量3600 g,净光合速率达到11.23 umol CO2 m-2s-1。生长旺期,最佳土壤条件为土壤pH值5.8,有机肥施用量7.2 kg,珍珠岩施用量为5400 g,最大净光合速率达到10.11 umol CO2 m-2s-1。挂果期,最佳处理土壤条件为土壤pH值5.8,有机肥施用量14.4 kg,珍珠岩施用量1800 g,净光合速率为8.78 umol CO2 m-2s-1。综上所述,在不同时期,土壤pH、有机肥施用量和珍珠岩施用量配比施用对蓝莓光合作用和叶片氮磷钾含量具有显著影响,但不同时期对土壤条件需求不同,应该结合蓝莓生长的实际需求,在不同时期对蓝莓土壤条件进行改良,以利于蓝莓生长。     

氮、磷、钾、钙肥不同用量对花生光合性能及产量品质的影响

在田间试验条件下研究了N、P、K、Ca肥不同用量对花生光合性能及产量品质的影响,结果表明,施N、P、K、Ca肥可提高花生叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率;对叶片光合性能的改善作用,N肥主要在前期、P肥在中后期、K肥和Ca肥前后期比较一致。施肥可明显提高花生荚果产量,且施N肥处理随施肥量的增加产量显著提高,施P、K、Ca肥处理以中等施肥量(P150、K300、Ca300)产量最高。施肥可不同程度地提高花生籽仁脂肪、粗蛋白和游离氨基酸含量,改善花生籽仁品质。对花生籽仁品质的改善作用,P肥最大,其次是N和Ca肥,K肥的作用不明显,施K肥过多(K450)还会明显降低脂肪含量。施用Ca肥能提高花生籽仁中油酸亚油酸比值(O/L),K肥可提高花生籽仁可溶性糖含量。     

植保无人飞机喷施叶面肥作业参数对枇杷冠层雾滴沉积分布的影响

为探究植保无人飞机（大疆T30）作业参数对枇杷冠层雾滴沉积分布的影响。本文利用3个因素（作业高度、作业速度、亩用液量）,3因子的正交实验,进行植保无人飞机喷洒枇杷树的喷雾试验。试验结果表明：从雾滴沉积密度、雾滴覆盖率和雾滴穿透性等因素来看,植保无人飞机对枇杷树的最佳作业参数为：作业高度2.0m、作业速度4.5m·s-1、亩用液量2.0L。对雾滴穿透冠层的影响最大的因素是工作高度;在1.5m的作业高度下雾滴沉积穿透性最佳。本研究对指导植保无人飞机枇杷树精准喷施叶面肥具有重要意义。     

不同浓度玉米生长调节剂对玉米氮代谢的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了不同浓度新型玉米生长调节剂对玉米氮代谢的影响．结果表明,不同浓度玉米生长调节剂对灌浆期玉米功能叶、茎秆中氮素的转运,功能叶硝酸还原酶与蛋白水解酶活性,功能叶和籽粒的谷氨酰胺合成酶与转化酶活性均有明显的促进作用,显著增加玉米产量、籽粒蛋白质含量及籽粒蛋白质产量．在调节剂的3个浓度中,以PGRCl较合理．PGRCl处理玉米籽粒的蛋白氮含量比对照提高0．83g／kg,籽粒产量比对照增加13．18％,籽粒蛋白质产量比对照增加19．59％．     

基于ICESat-GLAS数据和回波仿真原理识别森林类型

[目的]利用星载激光雷达波形数据对森林类型识别时,受地形、噪声和林层结构等因素影响,针叶林、阔叶林和混交林森林类型识别精度较低,为提高森林类型识别精度,需提取与森林类型相关的波形特征参数.[方法]结合回波仿真原理与林分冠层特征对GLAS回波波形进行理论分析,提出了与森林类型相关的波形特征参数147R-cafit-、K1...     

Physiological and anatomical changes in two rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genotypes under drought stress conditions

Understanding the mechanisms of drought resistance in crop species is crucial for the selection and breeding of tolerant rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties. The present study aimed to assess the physiological and anatomical responses of two rapeseed genotypes, P287 (drought-tolerant) and T88 (drought-sensitive) under three intensities of drought stress. All physiological and anatomical parameters related to drought acclimation were significantly altered in both genotypes under stress conditions. At the fourth-leaf stage, the relative water content, chlorophyll content, protein content, malondialdehyde content, and the activities of peroxidase and catalase in P287 were significantly higher than those in T88, particularly under severe drought conditions. After rehydration, all physiological indexes recovered rapidly, especially in P287. In addition, under drought stress, compared with T88, P287 had thicker palisade tissue, thinner spongy tissue, higher ratio of chloroplast length to chloroplast width, higher stomatal density and stomatal closure rate. Overall, the interaction between physiological and anatomical features improved the drought tolerance of P287 under drought stress conditions.     

Effects of sediment load on the abrasion of soil aggregate and hydraulic parameters in experimental overland flow

The breakdown of soil aggregates under rainfall and their abrasion in overland flow are important processes in water erosion due to the production of more fine and transportable particles and, the subsequent significant effect on the erosion intensity. Currently, little is known about the effects of sediment load on the soil aggregate abrasion and the relationship of this abrasion with some related hydraulic parameters. Here, the potential effects of sediment load on soil aggregate abrasion and hydraulic parameters in overland flow were investigated through a series of experiments in a 3.8-m-long hydraulic flume at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, unit flow discharges from 2×10~(–3) to 6×10~(–3) m~2 s~(-1), and the sediment concentration from 0 to 110 kg m~(–3). All the aggregates from Ultisols developed Quaternary red clay, Central China. The results indicated that discharge had the most significant(P0.01) effect on the aggregates abrasion with the contributions of 58.76 and 60.34%, followed by sediment feed rate, with contributions of 39.66 and 34.12% at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, respectively. The abrasion degree of aggregates was found to increase as a power function of the sediment concentration. Meanwhile, the flow depth, friction factor, and shear stress increased as a power function along with the increase of sediment concentration at different slope gradients and discharges. Reynolds number was obviously affected by sediment concentration and it decreased as sediment concentration increased. The ratio of the residual weight to the initial weight of soil aggregates(Wr/Wi) was found to increase as the linear function with an increasing flow depth(P=0.008) or Reynolds number(P=0.002) in the sediment-laden flow. The Wr/Wi values followed a power function decrease with increasing friction factor or shear stress in the sediment-laden flow, indicating that friction factor is the best hydraulic parameter for prediction of soil aggregate abrasion under different sediment load conditions. The information regarding the soil aggregate abrasion under various sediment load conditions can facilitate soil process-based erosion modeling.     

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

一种橡胶小蠹虫自制粘捕装置的研制及其田间诱捕参数筛选

橡胶小蠹虫为害重,防治困难。为了探索更加高效的田间防治方法,本研究通过将“牛皮纸+粘虫胶+诱集剂”组配,研究集成了一种橡胶小蠹虫粘捕装置,对其诱捕参数（粘捕装置材质、诱集剂药袋悬挂数量、药液暴露面积以及粘捕装置的间距、悬挂高度）进行了筛选,并与常规诱捕器在重量、成本和诱捕效果方面进行比较。结果表明,在月桂烯、2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇、S-(-)-柠檬烯、莰烯、顺式-马鞭草烯醇5种诱集剂的诱集下,自制粘捕带对橡胶小蠹虫的粘捕总数分别为：554、445、341、381、367头;普通粘虫带对橡胶小蠹虫的粘捕总数分别为：260、230、179、202、199头。其中月桂烯、2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇、S-(-)-柠檬烯,自制粘捕带的粘捕数量均显著高于普通粘虫带,表现出较好的粘捕效果。采用挂袋法的最佳药袋数为2袋,诱集剂的最佳药液暴露面积为6.6 mm²,粘捕装置的最佳相互间距为50 m,最佳悬挂高度建议在2.5 m。自制粘捕装置在重量、成本以及诱集数量上均优于常规诱捕器,对橡胶小蠹虫防控具有高效成本低、环保可降解、简单易操作等特点。     

花后早期增温对小麦旗叶光合和抗氧化特性及籽粒发育的影响

为探究小麦花后早期增温对其旗叶和籽粒生长发育的影响,以黄淮海南片主栽小麦品种安农0711和烟农19为试验材料,通过在小麦花后0～10 d搭棚覆盖PO薄膜方式进行人工模拟增温（增温1~ 3 ℃）,测定分析了花后早期增温后小麦旗叶光合参数、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、MDA含量和籽粒性状的变化。结果表明,与常温对照相比,增温显著降低了旗叶净光合速率、叶绿素含量及 CAT和POD活性,增加了旗叶胞间CO₂浓度和MDA含量,加速了旗叶衰老,使籽粒长度、宽度、厚度和千粒重均下降,安农0711和烟农19的粒重降幅分别为5.43%和7.34%。这说明在本试验条件下,花后早期增温不利于小麦旗叶光合和抗氧化作用,加速旗叶衰老,抑制籽粒发育。