Nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents of field vegetables — Recent data for fertiliser recommendations and nutrient balances

When calculating fertiliser recommendations and nutrient balances, growers and advisers usually do not do site specific measurements but use data from look up tables. Data given by older literature sources, however, do not take into account today's cropping practices. Therefore a databank on nutrient contents of total yields, marketable yields and harvest residues of 22 field vegetable crops is presented. This databank was compiled using results from topical field experiments and from recent literature.     

高效去除水体中氮、磷的植物及组合植物研究

用水培试验比较研究了不同挺水植物(再力花、常绿鸢尾、美人蕉)和浮水植物(黄花水龙、聚草、大漂)及其组合在15 d的培养期间对水中氮、磷的去除效率.结果表明:6种水生植物单独培养下,再力花和大漂的干重增量和吸氮、磷增量最高,对水中总氮、总磷去除率也最高.在挺水与浮水植物组合下,挺水植物的生物增量和去氮、去磷效率较其在单独培养下均有所提高,而浮水植物上述指标均有所下降,表明挺水植物与浮水植物在吸氮、磷方面存在竞争关系,且挺水植物去氮、磷能力强于浮水植物.研究还表明,大漂与再力花的组合对去除水中氮、磷效果均较好,15 d时去除效率分别达97.9％和90.7％.因此,二者可推荐为高效去除水体中氮、磷的植物及组合植物.     

长江中下游浅水湖沉积物磷形态及其分布特征研究

对长江中下游7个浅水湖泊的表层沉积物,应用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT)测定了其中的总磷、无机磷、有机磷、铁/铝磷和钙磷等5个部份,分析了各形态磷之间以及各形态磷与沉积物理化性质如总氮、有机质、主要氧化物组成之间的相关性.结果表明,研究区域内,表层沉积物总磷含量在217.8～3 337.2mg·kg-1之间,城市湖泊总磷含量总体上高于太湖等五大淡水湖;表层沉积物中的磷以无机磷为主,有机磷为辅,前者占总磷的比例多数处于60%～80%之间;从各形态磷含量的变化范围来看,Fe/Al-P＞OP＞Ca-P,而从百分含量的变化范围来看,则是Fe/Al-P＞Ca-P＞OP.表层沉积物中TP含量的增加主要来自Fe-P部分,其次来自OP部分;OP含量与Ca-P和Fe/Al-P的含量均有较好的正相关关系,而Ca-P与Fe/Al-P只有很弱的相关性.TN、有机质含量与OP、TP、Ca-P和Fe/Al-P均呈极显著正相关.TFe2O3与Fe/Al-P、TP、OP呈极显著正相关,而与Ca-P的相关性较弱;CaO与Ca-P呈极显著正相关,与OP有一定的正相关,与其他形态的磷则没有或只有微弱的相关性.     

Canola Takes Up More Cadmium and Phosphorus from Soil Than Spring Wheat

Abstract

Different sources of phosphorus (P) fertilizer (triple superphosphate and phosphate rocks) with different concentrations of cadmium (Cd) as an impurity were applied in different amounts to plots in a field experiment to produce soil with different concentrations of Cd. The plots were sown to canola (rape, Brassica napus L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). For each amount of Cd applied, the concentration of Cd in canola grain was about three times that in wheat grain. The concentration of P in canola grain was consistently about double that in wheat grain. Canola used all sources of P more effectively than wheat to produce dried shoots and grain.     

篦齿眼子菜对水体氮、磷去除效果的研究

试验以白洋淀底泥为栽培基质,用室内栽培的试验方法,研究不同营养条件下,蓖齿眼子菜的生物量变化及其对水体中氮、磷的去除效果.结果表明:随着营养等级的提高,蓖齿眼子菜生长性状良好,且生物量及其对水体总氮的去除率均呈逐渐增加趋势,当水体中总氮浓度高于10 mg/L时,蓖齿眼子菜对总氮的去除率达到最高,为63.06％;对总磷的去除率呈递减趋势,水体总磷浓度低于0.9 mg/L时,蓖齿眼子菜对总磷的去除率最高,为96.63％.同时提出更加优化的修复富营养化水体的途径.     

纳米SiO2/氨基淀粉黏合剂秸秆炭的结构及除磷特性

将秸秆粉用氨基淀粉黏合剂均相包覆,并掺杂纳米二氧化硅(nano SiO_2),采用原位发泡、炭化处理技术制备成纳米SiO_2/氨基淀粉黏合剂秸秆炭(掺杂纳米SiO_2秸秆多孔颗粒炭,nano SiO_2/AR-biochar)。通过透射电镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)、热稳定性(thermogravimetry,TG)、扫描电镜-能谱扫描(scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer,SEM-EDS)、比表面积与孔分析(Brunauer,Emmett and Teller,BET)、氮气吸附和压缩测试等技术手段对nano SiO_2/AR-biochar的孔结构特征、比表面积、微观形貌及压应力进行系统表征,并研究了nano SiO_2/AR-biochar对磷酸根吸附过程等温线及动力学模型。结果表明,掺杂nano SiO_2/AR-biochar孔结构分布匀称、比表面积大幅改善;TEM和SEM发现,掺杂nano SiO_2秸秆多孔颗粒炭材料的表面可形成类似海绵絮状结构,为炭材料提供较高的吸附位点;掺杂nano SiO_2可显著提高炭材料的机械压缩性能,当掺杂量为秸秆粉质量的6%时,压缩强度由3.89 MPa增加到7.96 MPa,增幅达104.6%。由于纳米SiO_2的掺杂,nano SiO_2/AR-biochar具有了更强除磷效果,且吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,在短时间内(5 min)其吸附率可高达18.42 mg/g,体现了该掺杂纳米二氧化硅秸秆多孔颗粒炭具有良好的除磷特性。     

菌根化育苗对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

【目的】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)侵染作物根系形成菌根共生体系对于作物吸收磷具有重要作用,但该结果大多来源于室内受控试验,有限的田间试验因环境条件、试验材料与接种技术等差异致使AMF菌剂应用效果不一。本研究通过玉米菌根化育苗和田间移栽,分析了接种AMF对玉米生长、养分吸收、籽粒产量及养分含量的影响,以期推进菌根技术的实际生产应用。【方法】以自交品系玉米B73为供试作物,于2018年5月至10月在北京市延庆区进行了田间试验。田间小区设置基施磷(+P)和不施磷(–P)处理。供试AMF为Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck&Smith BGC AH01。玉米种子催芽后,分别播入加入AMF菌剂(+M)和菌剂过滤液(–M)的育苗钵内,培养两周后移栽至田间。玉米在田间条件下生长至拔节期时,使用便携式光合仪测定叶片光合速率与气孔导度,取样测定地上部与根部干重和养分元素含量,同时测定菌根侵染率;在玉米完熟期取样,测定籽粒百粒重、籽粒产量及养分含量。【结果】无论田间施磷与否,接菌植株根系的菌根侵染强度和丛枝丰度均显著高于不接菌植株。不施磷情况下,+M处理显著提高了玉米根系干重,玉米生长的菌根依赖性(163.7%)显著高于施磷情形(124.1%)。–P–M处理玉米叶片的光合速率和气孔导度显著低于其他3个处理。–P+M处理玉米叶片的光合参数、玉米地上部和根部磷含量与+P+M均无显著差异。与–P–M处理相比,–P+M显著提高了玉米籽粒产量和百粒重,同时也提高了籽粒中锌、锰、镁等矿质养分的含量,且与+P+M处理相比均无显著差异。【结论】玉米幼苗接种AMF后再移栽到田间,可以显著提高拔节期玉米根系的菌根侵染率,促进玉米地上部和根部对磷及锌、锰和镁的吸收,进而促进玉米的生长,提高籽粒产量和养分含量。本试验条件下,菌根化育苗可以达到与施磷同样的效果,在保障作物不减产的前提下减少磷肥施用量。     

不同施肥方式下稻田氮磷流失特征

采用大田小区试验,研究3种不同施肥方式下稻田系统氮(N)、磷(P)流失特征。实验结果表明,施用尿素和缓释肥的混施处理(MT)田面水中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均浓度均为最高,分别为24.01和3.78mg/L,降雨产生径流时的N、P流失风险最大。整个水稻季,MT处理的N、P径流流失负荷分别为23.91和2.67kg/hm2,均为3种施肥处理中最高;MT处理的N、P渗漏流失负荷也为最高,分别为9.19和1.79kg/hm2。相对于MT处理,施用尿素和BB肥的无机处理(CT)及施用有机肥的有机处理(OT)能分别减少14.69%和29.18%的N总流失负荷及61.85%和68.97%的P总流失负荷。N、P的径流流失是稻田N、P流失的主要途径。     

Anatomical responses of root tips to boron deficiency II. Effect of boron deficiency on the cellular growth and development in root tips

Changes induced in the tissue structure and the cellular patterns of young tomato root tips by the absence of boron in the nutrient solution were investigated.

Boron deficiency caused primarily the inhibition of cell division and cell elongation in root apices, and the cells of boron-deficient root tips were fully vacuolated. The cell wall in the apical region was thickened by boron deficiency and the intercellular spaces insufficiently developed.

Boron deficiency also caused the radial enlargement of cortical cells, especially of endodermis, but this enlargement was not accompanied by an increase in water imbibition. In the advanced stage of boron deficiency, the disintegration of tissue structure had occurred.

Primordia of lateral roots arose closely in root apices. Maturation of the vascular system, especially of the primary xylem, was exasperated abnormally, and frequently there occurred a differentiation of cambial layers close to the apical initials.

Anatomical effects of boron deficiency appeared particularly in the root apex and not clearly in the region of successive maturation. The results are discussed with regards to the role of boron in cellular growth at apical growing points.

The results are discussed with regards to the role of boron in cellular growth at apical growing points.     

基于SWAT模型的布尔哈通河流域面源污染的变化研究

[目的]揭示土地利用变化下面源污染时空变化特征,探究流域景观格局与面源污染的关系.[方法]以布尔哈通河流域为研究对象,利用SWAT分布式水文模型模拟1986-2016年4期土地利用变化下面源污染分布特征,运用Fragstats4.2软件计算了1986年和2016年布尔哈通河各子流域的景观格局指数,最后使用CANOCO5...