氮磷钾肥对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响

为了探讨施肥对青贮玉米原料及青贮饲料的影响,在撒施羊粪的田间,青贮玉米栽培管理时,分别单独施用氮肥（N-150kg/hm ²）、磷肥（P₂O₅-120kg/hm ²）、钾肥（K₂O-150kg/hm ²）,以不施用化肥为对照,经田间测产和取样,并对其青贮发酵后进行分析。结果表明,增施氮肥能极显著提高青贮玉米产量（P<0.01）,Milk2006奶亩指数显著高于单施磷钾肥和对照处理（P<0.05）;增施钾肥显著提高了青贮玉米的产量（P<0.05）。增施氮肥除了提高玉米青贮饲料氨态氮含量外（P<0.05）,玉米青贮饲料的其他发酵品质参数差异不显著。青贮不仅保存了原料的养分,同时降低了硝酸盐含量。     

固定化菌株在土壤中的繁殖释放及性能分析

不同条件下固定化菌株在土壤中的释放情况存在差异,本实验测定固定化枯草芽孢杆菌在不同条件下土壤中的释放及其降解特性。通过设定不同温度、水分、pH值测定固定化枯草芽孢杆菌在灭菌土壤中的释放情况,并分别用碱扩散法、碳酸氢钠抽提-钼锑抗比色法、乙酸铵抽提-火焰光度计法测定菌株的固氮、解磷、解钾性能。结果表明：固定化菌株在温度35℃和40℃、水分为50ml/100g、pH5-8时均能大量繁殖释放,固定化后在不同温度和水分条件下不影响其降解特性。该研究结果为固定化菌株在农业复合微生物肥料上的应用提供理论基础。     

设施蔬菜土壤积累态磷、钾养分的有效利用研究

针对设施菜田磷、钾养分过量积累的现状,采用温室盆栽连续种植吸收的试验方法对磷、钾养分的有效利用进行了研究。结果表明,在高磷、钾含量的土壤上不施任何肥料难以保证产量水平;施用一定量的氮肥可以促进土壤磷、钾养分的吸收,提高产量,但不能获得高产;试验条件下,在保证氮肥适量供应的基础上,降低1/3正常磷、钾肥施用量,可以获得较高的白菜生物产量,说明合理调节氮、磷、钾肥,可以促进土壤磷、钾养分的有效利用,减少磷、钾肥的施用量。     

硅藻土在豆油脱皂中的应用

[目的]研究硅藻土在豆油脱皂中的应用。[方法]以离心脱皂油为试样,硅藻土为吸附剂,研究豆油无水脱皂的最佳条件。[结果]硅藻土用量为0.5%,吸附温度为110℃,吸附时间为25 min时,所得的油样残皂为68.5 mg/kg,残磷为1.317 mg/kg,均优于工业上水洗脱皂后的油品质量。[结论]硅藻土在豆油脱皂中的应用是可行的。     

Remobilization and utilization of phosphorus in wheat cultivars under induced phosphorus deficiency

A solution culture study was conducted to compare the phosphorus (P) remobilization efficiency of four wheat cultivars under induced P deficiency. Wheat cultivars, i.e. Sarsabz, NIA-Sunder, NIA-Amber and NIA-Saarang were initially grown on adequate P nutrition for 30 days and then exposed to P-free nutrient solution for next 15 days to study P remobilization. Completely randomized design (CRD) with ten replicates per cultivar was employed. Cultivars varied for biomass production, P concentration, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency at both harvests. Overall, more than 75% of absorbed P was mobilized from older leaves to younger leaves as well as roots of all cultivars during P-omission period. However, cultivars could not produce significant variations (P < 0.05) in P remobilization, which implied that P remobilization was only a stress response to P deficiency in wheat cultivars and it could not be related to P utilization efficiency of these cultivars.     

Spatial variation of soil test phosphorus in a long‐term grazed experimental grassland field

The spatial variation of soil test P (STP) in grassland soils is becoming important because of the use of STP as a basis for policies such as the recently EU‐introduced Nitrate Directive. This research investigates the spatial variation of soil P in grazed grassland plots with a long‐term (38 y) experiment. A total of 326 soil samples (including 14 samples from an adjacent grass‐wood buffer zone) were collected based on a 10 × 10 m² grid system. The samples were measured for STP and other nutrients. The results were analyzed using conventional statistics, geostatistics, and a geographic information system (GIS). Soil test P concentrations followed a lognormal distribution, with a median of 5.30 mg L^–1 and a geometric mean of 5.35 mg L^–1. Statistically significant (p < 0.01) positive correlation between STP and pH was found. Spatial clusters and spatial outliers were detected using the local Moran's I index (a local indicator of spatial association) and were mapped using GIS. An obvious low‐value spatial‐cluster area was observed on the plots that received zero‐P fertilizer application from 1968 to 1998 and a large high‐value spatial‐cluster area was found on the relatively high‐P fertilizer application plots (15 kg ha^–1 y^–1). The local Moran's I index was also effective in detecting spatial outliers, especially at locations close to spatial‐cluster areas. To obtain a reliable and stable spatial structure, semivariogram of soil‐P data was produced after elimination of spatial outliers. A spherical model with a nugget effect was chosen to fit the experimental semivariogram. The spatial‐distribution map of soil P was produced using the kriging interpolation method. The interpolated distribution map was dominated by medium STP values, ranging from 3 mg to 8 mg L^–1. An evidently low‐P‐value area was present in the upper side of the study area, as zero or short‐term P fertilizer was applied on the plots. Meanwhile, high‐P‐value area was located mainly on the plots receiving 15 kg P ha^–1 y^–1 (for 38 y) as these plots accumulated excess P after a long‐term P‐fertilizer spreading. The high‐ or low‐value patterns were in line with the spatial clusters. Geostatistics, combined with GIS and the local spatial autocorrelation index, provides a useful tool for analyzing the spatial variation in soil nutrients.     

外生根真菌对盐渍土中油松营养成分吸收和平衡的影响

Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings were grown under a factorial design to measure biomass accumulation and P, Na and K concentrations of plants, with 3 different ectomycorrhizal fungus (EMF) strains (Boletus edulis, Xerocomus chrysenteron and Gomphidius viscidus) and two P treatments (with or without extra P). Growth and mineral nutrition of pine seedlings were stimulated by three EMF under salinity stress. Na concentrations were changed and plant K and P concentrations were increased significantly by EMF. Adding extra P made no difference in accumulation of seedlings biomass, and did not assist element absorption of plants. Although three strains of EMF can all enhance the tolerance of pine seedlings to salinity stress, they may utilize different mechanisms because of different performance in absorption of elements. The increased P and K accumulation and the balance of ion concentrations might be due to the enhanced tolerance of EMF-inoculated plants to saline conditions.     

不同生长条件下槟榔叶片氮、磷、钾含量及其比例的研究

采用田间调查与实验室分析相结合,探讨海南地区不同产量水平、不同生长年限、正常结果与黄化槟榔叶片氮、磷、钾含量变化规律.结果表明,槟榔叶片氮、磷、钾比例约为1:0.081:0.356.高产组槟榔叶片平均氮含量比中高产组和中产组的分别高10.45%和21.73%;而比低产组槟榔叶片的高了36.86%.正常结果树(低产组槟榔...     

Potato yield response to foliar application of phosphorus as affected by soil moisture and available soil phosphorus

Abstract

Foliar application of phosphorus (P) may be a supplementary treatment to sustain adequate P-status of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). However, the prediction of the potential benefits of foliar P supply is difficult, since several factors, such as weather conditions and plant P-status influence the effects. We determined the impact of soil moisture and soil P-supply on the responsiveness to foliar P-application under controlled environmental conditions. Plant dry matter yields, P-accumulation and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) with or without foliar application were determined at five soil P-levels in combination with two soil moisture levels. The results suggest that water status is of importance for the responsiveness to foliar P-application and may be related to diffusion of P through the leaf cells, which require a good water status. The PUE was significantly improved with irrigation while adding P to the soil decreased the PUE.