南太湖近岸水域叶绿素a含量与氮磷浓度的关系

2007年6月-2008年4月对南太湖近岸水域进行了4次生态环境调查,在此基础上,对叶绿素a含量（Chl.a）与总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）浓度及氮磷比（N/P）的关系进行了统计分析。结果表明：南太湖水体中Chl.a含量与TN浓度的关系存在显著的季节差异,在蓝藻水华大范围爆发的2007年6月和2008年4月2者呈极显著的正相关,而2007年10月和2008年1月2者无显著性关系;Chl.a含量与TP浓度在4次调查中皆无显著相关关系;岭回归分析显示,N/P 10～25是南太湖水体中附着藻类的最佳生长范围,此时总氮、总磷浓度及氮磷比与Chl.a含量呈显著的正相关,4者的多元回归关系为Chl.a=-0.0012＋0.0064 TN＋0.0215 TP＋0.0005N/P（R=0.543,P〈0.023）。总体来说,南太湖水体中的总氮、总磷浓度及氮磷比皆在藻类生长的适宜范围内,氮磷浓度处于较高水平,已经不是藻类生长的限制因素,在不同水温、光照等环境因子的作用下,加上本水域复杂的水文和季风共同影响下形成了蓝藻水华爆发的季节性差异。     

Phosphorus utilization in juvenile Clarias gariepinus fed phytase-supplemented diets based on soya bean (oil-extracted) and full-fat (roasted): A comparison

The effect of microbial phytase on phosphorus utilization in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (initial fish body weight 11.55 ± 0.2 g) was tested on two different diets based on oil-extracted soya bean (Experiment 1) and roasted soya bean meal (Experiment 2) using a 5 × 5 experimental design for 84 days. The basal isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets for oil-extracted and roasted soya bean were formulated to replace fish meal at 25% (S1E), 50% (S2E), 75% (S3E), 100% (S4E); and 25% (S1), 50% (S2), 75% (S3), 100% (S4), respectively. Each treatment was replicated four times. Microbial phytase was supplemented in each replicate at 250 FTU/g (P1), 500 FTU/g (P2), 750 FTU/g (P3), and 1,000 FTU/g (P4). Basal controls, which included a fish meal-based diet (S0), were not supplemented with phytase (P0). The result in Experiment 1 showed that there was a significant increase in whole-body protein and reduction in fat with phytase compared to a diet without phytase (P < 0.05). Serum total protein declined significantly with phytase supplementation (P < 0.05). Serum phosphorus and glucose were higher with phytase supplementation compared to control (P < 0.05). Bone minerals declined significantly with increasing level of soya bean compared to fish meal diet (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, serum phosphorus was improved with phytase compared to control with no phytase (P > 0.05). A significant reduction in whole-body protein and increase in fat was observed for fish fed phytase diets compared to diets with no phytase, regardless of soya bean level (P < 0.05); however, ash content was improved with phytase (250 FTU/g) compared to control (P < 0.05). Phytase supplementation improved bone phosphorus (250 FTU/g), calcium (250 FTU/g), magnesium (250–500 FTU/g), and zinc (250–1,000 FTU/g) compared to control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the research has demonstrated that improved bone phosphorus (P) and growth could be achieved with the supplementation of dietary phytase.     

翅碱蓬生态化学计量内稳性对模拟氮磷沉降的响应

生物有机体元素组成内稳性是生态化学计量学核心概念之一,研究植物N、P生态化学计量内稳性及N、P分配可以明确其生态策略和适应性、竞争性。采用室内盆栽方法,研究了翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera)N、P内稳性与生长对模拟N、P沉降增加的响应。结果表明,N沉降增加情况下,翅碱蓬吸收积累N表现为"绝对"的生态化学计量内稳性;P沉降增加情况下,翅碱蓬吸收积累P呈现一定的生态化学内稳性,调节系数HP为0.754,HN∶P为0.792。N沉降增加促进了翅碱蓬积累P,翅碱蓬生长可能受N限制。N、P沉降增加情况下,翅碱蓬株重、P吸收积累量与株高间均表现为异速生长。N沉降增加,翅碱蓬株重生长比株高快,P积累相对减慢。P沉降增加,翅碱蓬株高生长比株重快,P积累也相对更快。     

Supplemental iron and phosphorus increase dietary inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

A long‐term feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the use of cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) with iron and phosphorus supplements in diets for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Olive flounder with an initial average size of 28.5 ± 0.35 g (mean ± SD) were divided into 15 groups (three tanks per dietary treatment) and fed 480 g kg^?1 crude protein diets in which each of five isonitrogenous diets was formulated to contain different levels of cottonseed/soybean meal (1 : 1) to replace fish meal (FM) with iron and phosphorus supplementations. The five experimental diets were as follows: diet 1 (control), 0%CS; diet 2, 20%CS; diet 3, 30%CS; diet 4, 30%CS + Fe&P; and diet 5, 40%CS + Fe&P. After 26 weeks of feeding trial, no significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed utilization and survival among all the treatments. The total gossypol accumulation in liver of fish fed diets supplemented with iron was significantly lower than that of fish fed diets without supplementation of iron. The results indicate that the addition of iron in diets could prevent the absorption of free gossypol. The findings in this study suggest that dietary supplements of iron and phosphorus could increase the inclusion of cottonseed and soybean meal for FM replacement in diets for marine fish species.     

Determination of dietary phosphorus requirement of stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis based on feed conversion,growth, vertebrae phosphorus,whole body phosphorus,haematology and antioxidant status

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary phosphorus requirement of Heteropneustes fossilis fingerlings (7.7 ± 0.04 g). Fish were fed casein–gelatine‐based purified diets in triplicate groups near satiation with seven different levels of dietary phosphorus (3.2, 5.2, 7.2, 9.2, 11.2, 13.2 and 15.2 g/kg dry diet). All diets were formulated to be isoproteic (400 g/kg) and isoenergetic (17.89 kJ/g). Highest absolute weight gain (68.38 g/fish), best feed conversion ratio (1.48), protein retention efficiency (30.74%), protein gain (12.44 g/fish), haemoglobin (11.19 g/dL), RBCs (3.12 x10⁶/mm³), haematocrit (33.44%) and serum phosphate (2.82 mg/L) were found at 9.2 g/kg phosphorus. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were also significantly influenced by the dietary phosphorus levels. Whole body and vertebrae phosphorus concentrations increased significantly as the amount of dietary phosphorus increased from 3.2 to 11.2 g/kg dry diet and then plateaued. More accurate information on dietary phosphorus requirement was obtained by subjecting the AWG, FCR, vertebrae phosphorus and whole body phosphorus concentrations data against various levels of dietary phosphorus to broken‐line analysis, which yielded the requirement in the range of 9.0–11.0 g/kg for optimum growth and mineralization of H. fossilis.     

Dietary formic acid enhances apparent digestibility of minerals in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

The effect of dietary formic acid on the availability of phosphorus (P) from a fishmeal-based diet by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), reared in brackish water (5–6 g L⁻¹) was determined. Diets containing a low amount of P (6.0 mg P g⁻¹ dry matter) were acidified with 0, 4 and 10 mL kg⁻¹ formic acid and fed to trout (average weight, 520 g) for 4 weeks. The measured pH of the diets were 6.3, 5.8 and 5.3, respectively. The intestinal solubility of P and the digestibility of P were measured by stripping the faecal matter from the fish. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of P significantly ( P < 0.05) increased from 69.5% to 75.0% of the basal diet in fish fed diets containing 10 mL kg⁻¹ formic acid. The solubility of P in the intestine was highly variable within each treatment, and the differences were not significant. The pH of intestinal content increased with the increase in dietary formic acid concentration. The ADC of magnesium and calcium also showed a significant ( P < 0.05) increase with the acidification of diet by formic acid.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus budget of a Haliotis discus hannai and Apostichopus japonicus polyculture system

The system nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) budget, N/P utilization rate and the physiological response mechanism of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai (body weight: 12.87 ± 0.82 g) and the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (body weight: 10.85 ± 1.16 g) to different co‐culture environment conditions were examined. Animals were kept in a multilayer, cubic recirculating aquaculture system at different polyculture densities (abalones at 400 ind/m²in monoculture [Group C] and abalones at 400 ind/m²with sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m² [AS1] or 20 ind/m² [AS2]). Each treatment was replicated four times, and the experimental cycle was 90 days. No significant difference in survival rate of abalones was detected when the stocking density of sea cucumbers increased from 10 to 20 ind/m², but the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the water were significantly higher in AS2 than in AS1. Survival rate, specific growth rate (SGR) of body weight of sea cucumbers and SGR of body weight of abalones were significantly lower in AS2 than in AS1. No significant difference in protease (PES), lipase, amylase and cellulase activities of abalones was identified between Group C and AS1, but the PES and amylase activities of abalones and sea cucumbers in AS1 were significantly higher than those in AS2. In AS1, the N/P output from harvesting of abalones and sea cucumbers and the N/P utilization rates were significantly higher than those in AS2. Although the N/P output from faeces was significantly lower in AS2 than in Group C and AS1, the N/P output from the water layer was significantly higher than that in AS1. The expression levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) of both abalones and sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. No significant difference in expression of catalase (CAT) and HSP90of abalones was identified among these groups, but the expression levels of CAT and HSP90of sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. These results indicate that stocking sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m² in the polyculture system will relieve the organic load on the system and improve the N/P utilization rate. It will also increase aquaculture production and improve the ecological and economic benefits of the system.     

纳米SiO2/氨基淀粉黏合剂秸秆炭的结构及除磷特性

将秸秆粉用氨基淀粉黏合剂均相包覆,并掺杂纳米二氧化硅(nano SiO_2),采用原位发泡、炭化处理技术制备成纳米SiO_2/氨基淀粉黏合剂秸秆炭(掺杂纳米SiO_2秸秆多孔颗粒炭,nano SiO_2/AR-biochar)。通过透射电镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)、热稳定性(thermogravimetry,TG)、扫描电镜-能谱扫描(scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer,SEM-EDS)、比表面积与孔分析(Brunauer,Emmett and Teller,BET)、氮气吸附和压缩测试等技术手段对nano SiO_2/AR-biochar的孔结构特征、比表面积、微观形貌及压应力进行系统表征,并研究了nano SiO_2/AR-biochar对磷酸根吸附过程等温线及动力学模型。结果表明,掺杂nano SiO_2/AR-biochar孔结构分布匀称、比表面积大幅改善;TEM和SEM发现,掺杂nano SiO_2秸秆多孔颗粒炭材料的表面可形成类似海绵絮状结构,为炭材料提供较高的吸附位点;掺杂nano SiO_2可显著提高炭材料的机械压缩性能,当掺杂量为秸秆粉质量的6%时,压缩强度由3.89 MPa增加到7.96 MPa,增幅达104.6%。由于纳米SiO_2的掺杂,nano SiO_2/AR-biochar具有了更强除磷效果,且吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,在短时间内(5 min)其吸附率可高达18.42 mg/g,体现了该掺杂纳米二氧化硅秸秆多孔颗粒炭具有良好的除磷特性。     

篦齿眼子菜对水体氮、磷去除效果的研究

试验以白洋淀底泥为栽培基质,用室内栽培的试验方法,研究不同营养条件下,蓖齿眼子菜的生物量变化及其对水体中氮、磷的去除效果.结果表明:随着营养等级的提高,蓖齿眼子菜生长性状良好,且生物量及其对水体总氮的去除率均呈逐渐增加趋势,当水体中总氮浓度高于10 mg/L时,蓖齿眼子菜对总氮的去除率达到最高,为63.06％;对总磷的去除率呈递减趋势,水体总磷浓度低于0.9 mg/L时,蓖齿眼子菜对总磷的去除率最高,为96.63％.同时提出更加优化的修复富营养化水体的途径.     

Canola Takes Up More Cadmium and Phosphorus from Soil Than Spring Wheat

Abstract

Different sources of phosphorus (P) fertilizer (triple superphosphate and phosphate rocks) with different concentrations of cadmium (Cd) as an impurity were applied in different amounts to plots in a field experiment to produce soil with different concentrations of Cd. The plots were sown to canola (rape, Brassica napus L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). For each amount of Cd applied, the concentration of Cd in canola grain was about three times that in wheat grain. The concentration of P in canola grain was consistently about double that in wheat grain. Canola used all sources of P more effectively than wheat to produce dried shoots and grain.