Intake and discharge nutrient loads at three intensive shrimp farms

This study was conducted to help provide a framework for Australian regulation of shrimp farm siting and discharges. Monitoring of farm water usage, and intake and discharge water quality was conducted at three commercial intensive shrimp farms, chosen to represent different operating environments, latitudes, cultured species and management styles. Weekly samples were taken over 3 years, for 3–12 months at each farm, to investigate intake and discharge concentrations and loads of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Mean water exchange was 1.4 ML ha^?1 day^?1 (about 10% day^?1) at the first farm studied and 0.5 ML ha^?1 day^?1 (about 3.6% day^?1) at the others. Farm mean discharge concentration varied as follows: TSS, from 36.9 to 119 mg L^?1; TN, from 2.1 to 3.1 mg L^?1 and TP, from 0.22 to 0.28 mg L^?1. Farm mean intake concentrations were from 11% to 91% of equivalent mean discharge concentration (for TN at Farm B and TSS at Farm C respectively). Mean net discharge loads, related to area of production ponds at each farm, varied as follows: TSS, from 4.8 to 85.7 kg ha^?1 day^?1; TN, from 1 to 1.8 kg ha^?1 day^?1 and TP, from 0.11 to 0.22 kg ha^?1 day^?1. The highest net loads of TSS, TN and TP were all from the farm with the highest water exchange rate, located on a coastal river, and studied during a year of high rainfall with associated poor water quality. These results can be used to help predict likely discharge characteristics for new shrimp farms, and provide a benchmark against which to evaluate future improvements in shrimp farm environmental management.     

花溪辣椒测土配方施肥试验

对花溪湖潮乡辣椒氮磷钾配方施肥研究结果表明,氮中量、磷钾高量或低量的配方处理对辣椒生育期无明显影响,低量氮磷钾配方和习惯施肥辣椒有早衰现象,不施肥处理的辣椒早衰更明显。经济性状以中氮低磷高钾效果最好,其果长达到11.95 cm,果粗1.2 cm,干重为64.2 g/10个;产量以高量氮磷钾最高,为188.9 kg/667m2,中氮低磷高钾次之,为183.7kg/667m2,两者差异不明显。中氮低磷高钾的配方既可使辣椒增产,经济效益最高,又能提高辣椒肥料利用率,值得推广应用。     

马铃薯不同品种淀粉积累生理基础研究───品种淀粉含量与叶部氮磷钾浓度的关系

本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯２号、中淀粉品种内薯３号、低淀粉品种紫花白为材料，对不同生育时期叶片及叶柄的全氮、全磷、全钾量进行了测定分析．其结果：同一品种内，随生育时期的推移，叶片和叶柄的氮、磷、钾含量均逐渐下降；各品种氮、磷在叶片中的含量始终高于叶柄，而钾在叶片中的含量则始终低于叶柄；不同品种叶片和叶柄氮、磷、钾含量变化与品种的淀粉含量呈正相关。生育中后期相关更显著，而叶柄氮、磷、钾含量与品种淀扮含量达到了显著正相关．因此，生育中后期叶柄的氮、磷、钾的含量是衡量马铃薯品种淀粉含量高低的重要生理指标，可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质预测的科学依据．     

Effect of tile effluent on nutrient concentration and retention efficiency in agricultural drainage ditches

Tile drainage is a common water management practice in many agricultural landscapes in the Midwestern United States. Drainage ditches regularly receive water from agricultural fields through these tile drains. This field-scale study was conducted to determine the impact of tile discharge on ambient nutrient concentration, nutrient retention and transport in drainage ditches. Grab water samples were collected during three flow regimes for the determination of soluble phosphorus (SP), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentrations and their retention in three drainage ditches. Measured nutrient concentration indicated lower SP and NH₄⁺-N, and greater NO₃-N concentrations in tile effluents compared to the ditch water. Net uptake lengths were relatively long, especially for NO₃-N, indicating that nutrients were generally not assimilated efficiently in these drainage systems. Results also indicated that the study reaches were very dynamic showing alternating increases or decreases in nutrient concentration across the flow regimes. The drainage ditches appeared to be nutrient-rich streams that could potentially influence the quality of downstream waters.     

Contribution of Roots and Mycorrhizal Hyphae on Phosphorus Efficiency of Maize (Zea mays,L.) Genotypes Grown on Calcareous Soil—A Mechanistic Modeling Approach

ABSTRACT

This work was conducted to study phosphorus (P) efficiency of two maize genotypes (Zea mays, L.) in calcareous soil grown in potted soil with two levels of P in soil by adding 40 and 270 mg P/kg soil. Half of the pots were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Rhizoglomus irregulare). The maize genotypes were harvested two times at 35 and 50 days after transplanting. The plant dry matter, root length and Plant P uptake of maize genotype Hagen 1 without mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased significantly compared with Hagen 9 at a low P level. In contrast, there was no significant difference between two maize genotypes inoculated with AMF under the same P level. The predicted value increased rapidly with increasing P levels from about 70% up to 97% in both maize genotypes with and without mycorrhizal fungi. At a low P level, the mycorrhizae hyphae contributed by about 31.6% and 30.2% of the predicted total P uptake in maize genotype Hagen 1 and Hagen 9, respectively. The results of this study suggested that the P-inefficient genotype Hagen 9 improved with inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi under a low P level at the same conditions of this experiment. Also, root growth system and mycorrhizal hyphae length would be a suitable plant parameter for studying P efficient maize genotypes, especially under limited P supply. The current study clearly pointed out that the mechanistic simulation model (NST 3.0) provides useful tools for studying the role of AMF in P uptake of plant.     

Use efficiency of nitrogen from biodigested plant material by ryegrass

Apparent nitrogen‐use efficiency of the applied mineral N (NUE_min) in effluent from biodigested plant material (BE; C : N_org ratio 14:1; mineral N–to–total N ratio 0.5:1) and a nitrate‐based inorganic fertilizer (IF), both applied at two rates was investigated in a six‐month pot experiment with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Dry‐matter (DM) production was 7% lower and total amount of N in aboveground biomass was 8% lower in BE than in IF at 40 d after sowing (DAS), equal at 81 DAS, and higher in BE than in IF at 136 and 172 DAS. NUE_min calculated on the basis of accumulated N in aboveground biomass of ryegrass in fertilized treatments compared to a control without N application was significantly lower in BE than in IF up to the third cut (136 DAS). Total NUE_min, total N recovery, and amount of foliage DM were similar for both fertilizers at the end of the experiment. Root biomass, total DM produced including roots and stubble, the fraction of root N to total plant N, and soil mineral N at 172 DAS were higher for BE than for IF. Mineral N applied with biogas‐reactor effluent was almost as effective as the nitrate‐based mineral fertilizer used for comparison. Within the six‐month experimental period net N mineralization, estimated at 12% of organic N in effluent, was not substantial. Hence, the organic compounds in the effluent were relatively recalcitrant.     

Nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents of field vegetables — Recent data for fertiliser recommendations and nutrient balances

When calculating fertiliser recommendations and nutrient balances, growers and advisers usually do not do site specific measurements but use data from look up tables. Data given by older literature sources, however, do not take into account today's cropping practices. Therefore a databank on nutrient contents of total yields, marketable yields and harvest residues of 22 field vegetable crops is presented. This databank was compiled using results from topical field experiments and from recent literature.     

Phosphorus‐enriched soils of urban and suburban Nanjing and their effect on groundwater phosphorus

Neither the phosphorus (P)‐rich soils in urban areas nor their environmental implications have been adequately studied. This study investigated soils of typical urban function zones in Nanjing/China, like park, residential areas, school yards, campus as well as suburb vegetable land and garbage filling sites, and meantime ground water in situ. Typical soils were also experimentally leached for P leaching evaluation. All studied soils were enriched with P with enrichment ratios varying from 2 to 10 for total P and 5 to 22 for NaHCO₃‐extractable P, as compared with the original parent soils. The C : P ratios also indicated strong enrichment of P in urban soils. In urban areas the maximum P layer appeared as buried under different depth while in suburban soils as epipedon. The various morphology of P distribution suggested different soil formation patterns, which were related to the land use history. Groundwater P was significantly correlated with the maximum extractable P content of P in soil profiles and even better with the weighted average P content of the whole profile or P content of the soil layer at or close to groundwater table. Dissolved P in experimental leachate was comparable with that of groundwater but higher than environmentally acceptable level. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between solution P and different extractable P forms of the studied soils. Simple P tests can provide an evaluation of the potential risk of urban soils in discharging P to water system.     

干湿交替条件下土壤磷释放及其与土壤性质的关系

通过四川瀑布沟水电站消落区典型土壤磷释放室内模拟试验,研究淹水及干湿交替条件下消落区土壤性质变化情况以及土壤性质与磷释放之间的关系,以期为预防水库水体富营养化,水库消落区合理利用与科学制定管理对策提供参考。结果表明：淹水能够提高土壤活性氧化铁（Feox）含量,淹水风干后土壤Feox含量降低至淹水前的水平;淹水后Feox变化幅度为：旱地〉水田〉果园,紫色土〉冲积土。土壤磷吸持饱和度（DPS）与无定形铁铝氧化物Alox密切相关;土壤最大吸磷量（Qm）淹水时最高增加至2 758.01 mg/kg,土壤淹水后Qm、土壤最大缓冲容量（MBC）、土壤吸磷指数（PSI）值升高;淹水能够明显提高土壤的磷素缓冲容量、土壤的最大缓冲能力和吸附能力、土壤磷的保持率,其原因也是与淹水后土壤无定形铁铝氧化物含量大幅度增加有关;通过主成分分析,土壤磷释放能力主要与土壤磷水平和土壤吸磷能力有关,且主要指标包括土壤有机质含量（OM）、土壤有效磷含量（Olsen-P）、土壤磷保持率（f）、土壤最大吸磷量（Qm）、土壤活性氧化铁（Feox）、土壤活性氧化铝（Alox）等,说明四川省瀑布沟水电站消落区土壤存在较大的磷释放风险。     

不同土壤水分条件下施磷量对小麦旗叶衰老及产量的影响

在防雨旱棚池栽条件下研究了水分胁迫(W1)和水分适宜(W2)条件下不同施磷量对小麦旗叶衰老及产量的影响.结果表明,小麦开花后,W1水平下,施磷150 kg/hm~2处理的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)下降幅度及丙二醛(MDA)上升幅度较其他处理小;W2水平下,随施磷量的增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性增加、MDA降低,可见水分胁迫下适宜的施磷量以及适宜的水分条件下增加施磷量均可以改善小麦体内的保护酶,增加小麦叶面积指数和旗叶叶绿素含量,提高光合速率,进而延缓衰老,提高产量.本试验条件下,虽然75%土壤田间持水量与施磷量150 kg/hm~2的处理组合达到了最高产量,但与55%土壤田间持水量与施磷量150 kg/hm~2的处理组合的产量差异不显著,综合观之,后者是最佳水肥处理组合.