黄土高原不同纬度下刺槐林土壤生态化学计量学特征研究

为了阐明黄土高原不同纬度地区刺槐林土壤的生态化学计量学特征,对黄土高原由南向北13个县区刺槐林下的土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量学特征进行了测定与分析.结果表明:(1)阳坡0 ～ 10 cm土壤C∶N比、C∶P比、N∶P比的变化范围分别为9.48～15.33、8.93～ 59.79、0.77～5.11,10 ～ 20 cm土壤分别为9.13 ～13.57、7.85～ 37.69、0.44 ～ 3.19;阴坡0～ 10 cm土壤C∶N比、C∶P比、N∶P比分别为8.58 ～13.75、9.46 ～ 47.71、0.76～ 3.63,10～20 cm土壤分别为7.60～13.41、5.99 ～31.28、0.54～2.65.(2)土壤全氮的空间分布与有机碳具有一致性,均随纬度的升高呈指数减小的趋势,表层大于表下层,且随着纬度的升高该差异逐渐减小;全磷的空间变异性低于有机碳和全氮,研究区内土壤全磷含量随纬度的升高呈先增加后减小的趋势.(3)土壤C∶N比随纬度的升高无明显的变化趋势,而C∶P比和N∶P比随纬度的升高显著减小;土壤C∶N∶P比均随着土层增加而减小,但差异不显著.     

小麦蚕豆间作对红壤有效磷的影响及其与根际pH值的关系

在云南红壤上采用田间小区试验,通过测定分蘖～拔节期、孕穗～抽穗期、灌浆～乳熟期不同土层深度小麦根际土壤有效磷(available phosphorus)含量和根际pH值,比较研究了小麦蚕豆间作对小麦根际土壤有效磷含量和pH值的影响,探讨了间作小麦根际pH与根际土壤有效磷之间的相互作用.结果表明,与小麦单作相比,小麦蚕豆间作显著地促进了小麦产量的提高.同时,小麦蚕豆间作促进了小麦根际土壤有效磷含量的提高,分蘖～拔节期、孕穗～抽穗期0-10 cm、10-20 cm土层单、间作差异显著;间作显著降低了分蘖～拔节期10-20 cm土层、孕穗～抽穗期0-10 cm、10-20 cm、20-30 cm土层小麦根际土壤pH.分蘖～拔节期、灌浆～乳熟期,单、间作小麦根际土壤有效磷含量与根际pH呈负相关关系.试验表明,在红壤上间作小麦根际土壤有效磷含量的提高与间作降低根际pH有密切关系.     

Biochar derived from dairy cattle carcasses as an alternative source of phosphorus and amendment for soil acidity

Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biochar derived from dead dairy cattle as a mineral fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and to clarify the effect of particle size of biochar on plant growth (Zea mays L.) and P uptake. To produce the biochar, body parts of dead cattle were placed in a charring chamber and allowed to char at 450°C for 4 h. The biochar was of high pH and rich in major plant nutrients, especially P. Application of fine biochar (< 1 mm) increased P uptake by the corn plants grown in soil of low available P status. As a result, plant growth was improved following biochar application and dry matter production was also increased. The effect of the biochar application on the P uptake and plant growth was promoted by the application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil analysis after harvest indicated that the biochar application increased soil pH, available P and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared with the soil before seeding, while soil available N and exchangeable potassium (K) were considerably decreased. The decrease in the soil available N was incomprehensible, because the result of the mass balance given by the difference between input as the applied N from the biochar and fertilizer N and output as the N uptake by the plants was positive. We observed a similar result in the mass balance of K to the case of N. The medium (2–4 mm) and coarse (> 4 mm) grade biochar did not significantly affect plant growth, because P uptake was not, or was only slightly, increased by the application of these biochars. Dissolution of P from the coarser biochars was probably slower than that of the fine biochar. The lower dissolution of P from the medium and coarse biochars was supported by the lower P absorption efficiency of these biochars compared with that of the fine biochar and superphosphate. The effect of fine biochar on plant growth and P uptake was similar to that of superphosphate. We can therefore conclude that fine biochar derived from cattle carcasses is an effective source of P fertilizer and amendment for soil acidity. The N and K contents in the biochar, although relatively high, cannot be relied upon as a mineral fertilizer. Further studies are needed to assess whether the N and K contents of the biochar indicate it can be regarded as a useful fertilizer.     

施用常规磷水平的80%可实现玉米高产、磷素高效利用和土壤磷平衡

【目的】近年来,黑土有效磷含量呈逐年增加趋势。研究田间条件下,黑土的玉米产量及构成因素、磷素的吸收利用和土壤有效磷含量变化对不同施磷水平的响应,为黑土区的磷肥合理施用和地力培育提供理论依据。【方法】在土壤有效磷初始含量较高（30.15 mg/kg）的吉林公主岭黑土区,进行了3年的田间试验,以不施磷肥为对照（P0）,设置当地磷肥用量的80%（P₂O₅ 60 kg/hm2,P60）和当地施肥量（P₂O₅75 kg/hm2,P75）,研究不同施磷水平对玉米产量及产量性状、磷素吸收分配、磷肥利用效率的影响,并分析了土壤表观磷平衡和有效磷含量的变化。【结果】连续三年（2009~2011年）不同施磷水平下,玉米的产量随施磷水平的提高而增加,到第三年施磷处理的玉米产量显著高于不施磷处理,随施肥年限增加,P60与P75处理的增产效应差距缩小。P75处理吸收的磷素高于P60,但分配到籽粒中的磷素比例逐年下降,说明其吸收的磷素未高效转移到籽粒中,存在磷素奢侈吸收现象。两个施磷处理的磷肥利用率均为P75>P60,磷肥偏生产力均为P60>P75,说明P60处理中土壤基础养分和施入磷肥的综合效应更大。2009~2011年,土壤的表观磷平衡,P0处理一直处于亏缺状态,P60和P75处理均有盈余。P0、P60和P75处理的土壤有效磷的变化量为-15.4、-0.19和3.50 mg/kg。有效磷含量变化与表观磷盈余量呈极显著线性正相关,土壤P盈余每增加100 kg/hm2,有效磷含量增加9.6 mg/kg。【结论】在有效磷含量较高的黑土区,适当减少磷肥用量（60 kg/hm2 P₂O₅,比传统施肥减少20%）能获得与传统施磷相当的产量,维持土壤适宜的有效磷含量和供磷水平,并能保证磷肥的高效利用。可以考虑将P₂O₅ 60 kg/hm2作为黑土区的推荐施磷水平。     

The Characterization of Heavy Metals in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Cultivar Rkatsiteli and Wild Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) from East Serbia by ICP-OES and BAFs

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, in combination with calculation of various biological factors, was used in this study not only for a simple illustration of the present status of some essential and non-essential metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in the grapevine cultivar Rkatsiteli and wild blackberry from East Serbia but also for the estimation of plant bioaccumulation potentials. Great majority of detected metal concentrations were in normal ranges except in few cases: Zn concentrations were at the level of deficiency in almost all plant parts, and some Cu and As concentrations were at the levels that could be considered phytotoxic. Biological accumulation factors provided very informative data on metal accumulation and translocation in both plants and pointed to low accumulation rates of metals except in the case of Cu, Zn, and As in some wild blackberry tissues.     

Nodulation and root growth increase in lower soil layers of water‐limited faba bean intercropped with wheat

Below‐ground niche complementarity in legume–cereal intercrops may improve resource use efficiency and root adaptability to environmental constraints. However, the effect of water limitation on legume rooting and nodulation patterns in intercropping is poorly understood. To advance our knowledge of mechanisms involved in water‐limitation response, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown as mono‐ and intercrops in soil‐filled plexiglass rhizoboxes under water sufficiency (80% of water‐holding capacity) and water limitation (30% of water‐holding capacity). We examined whether intercropping facilitates below‐ground niche complementarity under water limitation via interspecific root stratification coupled with modified nodulation patterns. While no significant treatment effects were measured in intercropped wheat growth parameters, water limitation induced a decrease in shoot and root biomass of monocropped wheat. Likewise, shoot biomass and height, and root length of monocropped faba bean significantly decreased under water limitation. Conversely, water limitation stimulated root biomass of intercropped faba bean in the lower soil layer (15–30 cm soil depth). Similarly, total nodule number of faba bean roots as well as nodule number in the lower soil layer increased under intercropping regardless of water availability. Under water limitation, intercropping also led to a significant increased nodule biomass (48%) in the lower soil layer as compared to monocropping. The enhanced nodulation in the lower soil layer and the associated increase in root and shoot growth provides evidence for a shift in niche occupancy when intercropped with wheat, which improves water‐limited faba bean performance.     

沼肥替代化肥对设施蔬菜产量和土壤养分及重金属累积的影响

针对盲目施用沼肥可能带来的土壤环境问题,该研究采用5年8茬的设施番茄-甜椒田间轮作试验,研究不同沼肥和化肥配比对蔬菜产量、设施土壤氮磷养分及重金属累积的影响.结果表明:在等氮钾养分投入下,沼肥和化肥以不同比例配施的各处理没有影响蔬菜产量;氮素盈余和0~180cm土层土壤全氮含量随沼肥施用比例增加没有显著差异;磷素盈余随沼肥施用比例增加显著增加,完全沼肥处理0~30cm土层土壤Olsen-P及CaCl2-P含量分别达到151和8.0mg/kg,高于其他2个处理,且明显超出环境阈值.与完全沼肥处理相比,减量沼肥施用(3/5沼肥处理)明显降低了土壤氮素淋洗风险和磷素累积.与不施肥处理相比,施用沼肥后30~60、60~90、150~180cm土层土壤全Hg含量均低于不施肥处理;除30~60cm土层使用沼肥处理土壤中全As含量显著高于不施肥处理,其他土层各处理间均没有显著差异,而完全沼肥处理全Cr、全Cd、全Pb含量有所下降,且全Pb含量下降最为显著,但均没有出现重金属污染风险.沼肥替代化肥施用可有效实现废弃物中的养分资源循环利用,但增加菜田土壤磷素累积和淋失风险,本研究为设施菜田合理施用沼肥提供技术支持,为实现沼肥资源的循环利用和化肥替代模式提供理论参考.     

长期秸秆还田对潮土土壤各形态磷的影响

基于黄淮海低平原区潮土上33年长期肥料定位试验,采用蒋柏藩―顾益初的石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法,研究冬小麦―夏玉米轮作中长期不同氮磷用量下秸秆还田对土壤全磷、有效磷(Olsen-P)及各形态无机磷的影响。结果表明:黄淮海低平原区潮土上冬小麦―夏玉米轮作中P2O5用量0~240 kg hm~(-2),随磷肥用量的增加,土壤全磷、Olsen-P、无机磷总量及无机磷中Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P和Fe-P均显著增加,O-P和Ca10-P无显著变化;当土壤输入磷量低于作物输出磷量时,无论秸秆还田与否,土壤全磷、无机磷总量、Olsen-P和无机磷中除Ca8-P外的其他各形态磷均无显著变化;当土壤输入磷量高于作物输出磷量时,随秸秆用量的增加土壤全磷、Olsen-P和无机磷中的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P均显著增加,其中以Olsen-P增幅最大,无机磷中以Ca2-P增幅最大,其次为Ca8-P,再次为Al-P;土壤磷素盈余和亏缺量与土壤中各磷形态含量均呈显著正相关关系。     

湖区小麦-玉米轮作模式下不同施肥措施调控氮磷养分流失研究

针对我国南水北调东线过水区南四湖富营养化问题,利用沿湖流域典型种植模式——小麦-玉米轮作体系,选择材料易获取的几种施肥措施,采用田间原位安装淋溶水采集器和地表水径流池收集水样,室内分析不同处理防控氮磷养分流失的效果。结果表明:各施肥措施在作物不同茬口均能降低氮磷养分的随水流失,不同模式防控养分流失效果有差异;氮径流损失中,硝态氮占主要比例,玉米季和小麦季分别为82.7%~86.4%和94.2%~96.5%,而淋溶途径中硝态氮比例略有下降;径流为氮损失的主要途径,玉米茬口氮损失比例占轮作周年的67.0%~71.4%;磷径流损失中可溶性磷和颗粒磷比例相当,而淋溶磷以可溶性磷为主;淋溶途径损失的磷养分比例稍高,仍以玉米茬口总磷损失为主,占54.4%~63.1%;防控氮磷流失结合周年作物产量,玉米上使用减量控释氮肥或优化施肥配合秸秆还田、小麦上优化施肥或使用减量控释氮肥是相对理想的养分运筹搭配模式。     

基于GIS的长江中游油菜种植区土壤养分及pH状况

为了掌握长江中游油菜种植区土壤养分状况,在湖北、湖南、江西三个省份调查和取样分析5 463份土壤数据的6个指标(土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效硼和pH),基于Arc GIS平台,采用Kriging插值法分析4个不同油菜种植区域(二熟制山地区、二熟制平原区、三熟制山地区、三熟制平原区)的土壤养分状况。结果表明,长江中游油菜种植区土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷均处于适宜/丰富的含量水平,基本没有5级和6级水平的有机质、全氮、有效磷分布。从不同区域来看,以上3个养分指标总体均表现为三熟制地区养分含量高于二熟制地区。长江中游仍有1.82×10~5 hm~2区域土壤速效钾处于缺乏的水平(30~50 mg kg~(-1))。土壤有效硼含量仍有待提高,尤其是在三熟制地区,土壤有效硼缺乏(5级和6级)的比例仍高达13.6%~20.4%。土壤pH多集中在6.0左右,但是三熟制地区仍然有较高比例(约35.7%)的土壤pH处于4.5~5.5。综上所述,长江中游不同种植区域土壤养分性状存在差异,尤其是三熟制地区仍有相当比例需要提高土壤有效硼和改良酸性土壤。