不同柱花草绿肥种质磷含量差异研究

柱花草是世界热区重要的绿肥与牧草兼用的豆科作物。作为豆科绿肥,磷含量是影响绿肥品质的重要指标。本文对134份柱花草绿肥种质的磷含量进行了分析评价,结果表明,供试的134份柱花草绿肥种质有133份种质磷含量在0.3%以下,这些柱花草的磷含量达到四级有机肥磷含量标准,仅有1份柱花草种质的磷含量高于0.3%,其磷含量达到三级有机肥磷含量标准。     

水肥耦合条件下小麦田根系层土壤总磷迁移特征

以小麦为研究对象,通过田间小区试验对生育期内水肥耦合条件下小麦根系层(0~100 cm)总磷浓度迁移过程的监测,系统分析了不同灌水量(高水7.6 mm、低水6.1 mm)及不同施肥量下(高肥125 kg/hm~2、低肥75 kg/hm~2)总磷在根系层的迁移转化规律。     

Effect of soil pore size distribution on plant-available water and least limiting water range as soil physical quality indicators

Soil pore size distribution(SPSD) is one of the most important soil physical properties. This research investigated the relationships of location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves with plant-available water(PAW) and least limiting water range(LLWR) of the light-textured soils at the Torogh Agricultural Research Station in north-eastern Iran. Soil moisture release curve(SMRC), PAW and LLWR in matric heads of 100 and 330 h Pa for the field capacity and location and shape parameters of the SPSD curves of 30 soils with different texture and organic carbon contents were determined, and the variable relationships were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the median equivalent pore diameter(de), mean de, standard deviation(SD*), and skewness of the SPSD curves were significantly correlated with PAW(PAW330) and LLWR(LLWR330) measured in a matric head of 330 h Pa. Decrease in deand increase in the diversity of soil pore size(SD*) increased PAW330 and LLWR330. The SD* values of all the soil samples were lower than the optimal ranges suggested in literature. Neither PAW nor LLWR values were significantly different in the soils with the optimal modal deand those with non-optimal modal de. Optimal values of median and mean equivalent pore diameters and kurtosis of SPSD curves led to a significant improvement of PAW330 and LLWR330 as soil physical quality indicators. It was recommended to revise the optimal ranges for SD* and modal defor future studies.     

安徽省作物养分供需分析及化肥减施潜力研究

有机-无机相结合的农田养分管理模式是现阶段中国发展绿色农业的必由之路,因而开展有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的比较研究对促进养分资源的合理分配和施用具有重要的参考价值。本文采用文献调查和统计分析的方法,评估了安徽省16市2010—2016年主要有机肥(包括秸秆、粪便、绿肥和饼肥)的养分资源,明晰了安徽省农业生产中有机、无机养分投入现状,并根据农业种植结构开展了有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的差异和关系研究,最后探索了安徽省的化肥减施潜力。结果表明:安徽省2010—2016年平均有机肥养分资源为287.70万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为104.49万t、39.60万t和143.61万t,可基本满足作物的养分需求;但有机肥的当季利用率低,N、P_2O_5和K_2O的当季利用率分别为21.44%、19.91%和52.61%,有机肥N、P_2O_5和K_2O实际还田量仅占作物养分需求的20.74%、25.38%和63.61%,占农田养分总投入的比重分别为11.87%、10.27%和51.35%。全省N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分实际投入量(包括有机肥和化肥)是作物养分需求的1.75倍、2.47倍和1.24倍,有7个市的N和13个市的P_2O_5养分施用量超过作物需求的2倍,存在较高的环境污染风险。通过控制农业总养分输入,安徽省的化肥减施潜力为35.12%,N、P_2O和K_2O的减施潜力分别为21.28%、23.97%和78.61%。提高有机肥的当季利用率和发展冬季绿肥资源可进一步促进化肥减施。本研究可为安徽省化肥零增长和农牧业的绿色可持续发展提供数据参考。     

Changes in phosphorus fractions in three tropical soils amended with corn cob and rice husk biochars

ABSTRACT

The formation of phosphorus (P) compounds including iron-P, aluminum-P and calcium-P in highly weathered tropical soils can be altered upon biochar addition. We investigated the effect of corn cob biochar (CC) and rice husk biochar (RH) pyrolyzed at three temperatures (300°C, 450°C and 650°C) on phosphorus (P) fractions of three contrasting soils. A 90d incubation study was conducted by mixing biochar with soil at a rate of 1% w/w and at 70% field capacity. Sequential P fraction was performed on biochar, soil and soil-biochar mixtures. Increase in most labile P (resin-P_i, NaHCO₃-P_i) and organic P fraction (NaHCO₃-P_o + NaOH-P_o) in CC and RH biochars were inversely related to increasing temperature. HCl-P_i and residual P increased with increasing temperature. Interaction of CC and RH with soils resulted in an increase in most labile P as well as moderately labile P (NaOH-P_i) fractions in the soils. CC increased most labile P in the soils more than RH. The increase in most labile P fraction in soils was more significant at relatively lower temperatures (300°C and 450°C) than 650°C. However, the increase in HCl-P_i and residual P of the soils was more predominant at high temperature (650°C). The study suggested that biochar pyrolyzed at 300–450°C could be used to increase P bioavailability in tropical soils.     

马铃薯响应磷胁迫机制及磷高效利用育种

无机磷是马铃薯生长和块茎发育必需的大量营养元素,广泛参与了遗传物质和生物膜的构成、能量转化以及代谢调控等过程,对马铃薯茎叶生长和块茎发育起着重要的作用.土壤的磷含量会明显影响马铃薯的发育,且在不同遗传特性的马铃薯品种间存在磷效率差异.为了保证马铃薯的正常生长和产量的稳定,磷肥在马铃薯种植业中被大量使用.然而,磷肥的过量...     

降雨强度对三峡库区坡耕地土壤氮、磷流失主要形态的影响

揭示紫色土坡耕地在不同降雨条件下对土壤养分流失及其环境效益的影响,对于保护三峡库区水环境具有重要意义。通过径流场试验分析2010年5月1日-7月10日6次降雨过程中紫色土坡耕地的氮、磷流失特征。结果表明:大雨时产生的径流量分别为中雨和小雨时的2.34,7.59倍,同时大雨产生的径流中TN、TP含量高于小雨和中雨时,大雨导致的氮、磷流失远远超过中雨与小雨。大雨时产生的累积泥沙量分别是中雨和小雨的8.34,111.38倍。紫色土坡耕地径流中TN、TP的主要形式是有泥沙携带的颗粒态氮、磷,降雨量越大,颗粒态氮、磷的比例越高。中雨产生的径流中颗粒态氮占TN的74.9%～75.9%,大雨产生的径流中颗粒态氮占TN的比例更高,达到85.0%～92.6%。颗粒态磷是径流中磷的主要形态,大雨、中雨、小雨产生的径流中颗粒态磷占TP的比例分别为96.6%～97.7%,93.9%～96.2%,90.5%～94.4%。紫色土坡耕地氮、磷流失主要是以泥沙为载体,这在降雨量较大时表现得尤为明显。控制坡耕地氮、磷流失应着重考虑控制降雨量较大时的氮、磷流失。     

黄土丘陵区生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

黄土丘陵区生物结皮广泛发育,可影响土壤磷素有效性。目前鲜见生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性的研究报道。本文以该区不同年限退耕地的生物结皮为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了生物结皮对土壤全磷、有效磷及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,1）生物结皮的形成可显著提高结皮层土壤全磷含量,而下层(010 cm)全磷含量差异不显著; 2）生物结皮的形成可显著提高结皮层土壤有效磷含量,研究区生物结皮层土壤有效磷含量为3.27~5.87 mg/kg,占到同层土壤全磷含量的0.57%~0.95%,生物结皮层磷酸酶活性高于下层(010 cm) 381倍; 3）生物结皮对土壤磷素有效性及碱性磷酸酶活性的影响与生物结皮发育阶段有关; 4）生物结皮主要通过提高结皮层土壤碱性磷酸酶活性和有机质含量,降低土壤pH,进而提高了土壤磷素有效性。本文研究结果表明,生物结皮的形成有助于提高黄土丘陵区退耕地土壤磷素有效性。     

土壤中微量元素的环境化学特性

论述了微量元素在土壤中的迁移、存在状态,探讨了影响微量元素化学行为及生物有效性的主要土壤环境因素,分析了这些元素在土壤中形态转化的机制及平衡状况,为评价土壤中微量元素的变化,提高其生物有效性提供依据。     

低磷土壤接种微生物壮秧剂对水稻秧苗吸收氮磷钾的影响

为了使接种微生物壮秧剂在农业生产中得到广泛的应用,通过苗床培养试验,研究了在低磷土壤上(石灰性黑钙土),接种微生物壮秧剂对水稻秧苗吸收氮、磷、钾的影响。结果表明,施用接种抗生菌5406和溶磷菌P77的壮秧剂可以显著提高水稻秧苗冠部氮、磷、钾的含量和吸收量,增加了根部氮、钾的含量和吸收量,减少了根部磷的含量和吸收量。研究表明,试验各处理中,P4处理(接种P77,浓度为5×107cfu/g)效果最好,其次是P2处理(接种5406,浓度为5×107cfu/g),即在壮秧剂中接种P77的效果好于5406,并且接种浓度为5×107cfu/g时较好。