Mycoplasma synoviae cell invasion: Elucidation of the Mycoplasma pathogenesis in chicken

Fluorochrome-labelled cells of two field isolates and Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) were inoculated onto monolayer cultures of fluorochrome-labelled HEp-2 cells and monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Ms was detected initially adhered to and subsequently inside the host cells. Between 24 and 48 h of infection, Ms was detected in the perinuclear region, and after 72 h of infection was confirmed by gentamicin invasion assay. High and low passage Ms strains showed no differences in adherence or invasion. The morphology and the actin filaments of the infected HEp-2 cells were preserved throughout the study period. The observed invasion by Ms is consistent with the biology of Mollicutes, and could explain the difficulties in recovering field isolates of the mycoplasma and in controlling the infection in birds even after long-term antibiotic treatment.     

Simple method for isolation of glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and the improvement of myofibril gel properties

Porcine glycoliytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD) was prepared effectively by a combination of ethylene diamine tetra‐acetate (EDTA) pretreatment and affinity purification. After salting out of porcine sarcoplasmic proteins (SP) with ammonium sulfate at 75% saturation, the obtained supernatant (SP‐f3) was treated with EDTA, leaving G3PD in the supernatant (G3PD‐E) and most other SPs in the precipitate. At that time, the separation of G3PD‐E required more than 20 mmol/L EDTA. G3PD‐E was then subjected to affinity purification by batchwise method using blue‐sepharose CL‐6B, and purified G3PD (G3PD‐AP) was obtained using 2 mol/L potassium chloride (KCl) as an eluent. Texture analysis showed that the hardness, adhesiveness and gumminess of the myofibril gel at 0.2‐mol/L NaCl increased with the addition of G3PD‐AP. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the G3PD‐AP reinforced the gel network of the myofibril. However, scanning electron micrograph analysis showed that the network‐structure of the gel by the addition of G3PD‐AP developed in a different manner from that by adding 0.6 mol/L NaCl. These results showed that glycolytic enzyme, G3PD, contributes to the improvement of the rheological properties of meat products.     

磷钾细菌解磷解钾能力的研究

为了筛选解磷解钾能力强的磷钾细菌新菌株用于有机菌肥的研制，分别以磷矿粉和钾长石为底物进行磷钾细菌的摇瓶发酵试验，并测定发酵液中有效磷钾的含量，选择解磷解钾能力强的磷钾细菌进行米高粱盆栽试验，当植株生长至拔节时切取地上部分测定其生物产量和植株内磷钾元素含量．结果表明：大部分喷施菌液的植株磷钾元素含量及其生物产量均明显高于对照，其中混合菌株发酵液的处理生物产量最高，由此确定S-2，S-6，S-12和ACCC10010为新菌肥生产用菌株组合.     

施磷肥对土壤磷素形态转化和有效性的影响

通过室内土壤培育和盆栽试验，研究了施磷肥和培育时间对灌漠土、黑垆土和褐土无机磷形态转化及有效性的影响。结果表明施入石灰性土壤的磷肥，除作物吸收利用外，主要以Ｃａ＿２—Ｐ、Ｃａ＿８—Ｐ、Ａｌ—Ｐ的形态积累；随着培育时间的推移，Ｃａ＿２—Ｐ、Ｃａ＿８—Ｐ又明显降低，并经由Ａｌ—Ｐ、Ｆｅ—Ｐ逐渐向Ｃａ＿１０—Ｐ转化。经生物试验和相关分，Ｃａ＿２—Ｐ、Ａｌ—Ｐ和Ｃａ＿８—Ｐ均是灌漠土、黑垆土和褐土的有效磷源，以Ｃａ＿２—Ｐ的贡献最大。     

不同添加材料对化肥中磷素释放和扩散的影响

采用不同的添加材料与化学磷肥混合,通过室内扩散试验,研究不同添加材料对化学肥料中磷素释放和扩散的影响。结果发现,选用的5种材料(沸石、胡敏酸、聚丙烯酰胺、柠檬酸、羧甲基纤维素)均能不同程度地提高肥料磷在土壤中的有效性。与对照相比,柠檬酸在培养初期(1周)能够促进化学磷肥的溶解和扩散,可使施肥点和外围的速效磷含量升高约2.7倍;胡敏酸、PAM在培养4周后能提高施肥点的速效磷,而且使最外层(7～9cm)的速效磷也有较明显的增加,分别较对照提高75%和68%。     

硝化抑制剂DMPP对菜园土壤铵态氮与硝态氮含量的影响

为进一步完善蔬菜硝酸盐污染的调控技术体系，采用好气培养法研究了新型硝化抑制剂3，4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)对菜园土壤NH4^ -N，NO3^--N含量的影响。结果表明，在培养过程中，土壤NH4^ -N含量呈现出先减少后略有升高的变化趋势，而NO3^--N含量呈现出先升高后减少的变化趋势，DMPP处理的土壤中NH4^ -N含量高于硫硝镀(ASN)处理，NO3^--N含量则相反。     

壳聚糖缓释磷元素的初步研究

以壳聚糖为材料包埋磷酸氢二钠,探讨不同材料固化后,包埋微球的缓释规律。运用扫描电子显微观察技术对浸泡前后的微球表面膜结构进行表征。结果表明,两种固化方式,微球的释放趋势一致,基本符合缓释肥料的制作标准。扫描电镜观察结果表明,微球浸泡前表面膜结构密实,浸泡56d后微球表面膜形成大量突起的小孔。     

建土壤磷肥连续效应的研究

当季作物只利用磷肥的很小部分。在旱作条件下,残存在土壤中的大部分磷肥,不断转为非活性磷;随时间的延长,磷肥对后作的连续效应不断降低。改为水田时,旱作物未吸收的磷素,将释放进入活性磷库中,使作物吸磷量急剧上升。四季作物磷肥累加回收率将大大超过当季回收率,最高达56.86%。因此,要注重当季的施磷效果,又不容忽视磷肥的连续效应。土壤磷库水平与作物吸磷量的关系密切。在旱作条件下,作物吸磷量占 Olsen-P 量的1/4～1/3左右;在水田则可超过 Olsen-P 量的1～2倍以上。土壤总磷库(全磷量)虽然对当季作物吸磷量的影响没有达到显著水准,但对四季作物的总吸磷量和生物产量则有极显著正相关,相关系数分别为γ=0.6192、0.6530。为此,提高土壤磷库水平在生产上是有重要意义的。