Plant Availability of Cadmium in Soils: I. Extractable Cadmium in Newly and Long-Term Cultivated Soils

Abstract

Effects of long-term use of phosphate fertilizers on extractable soil Cd in relation to its concentrations in plants were investigated. “Paired” soil samples were collected from newly and long-term cultivated fields and analyzed for Cd by extraction with NH₄OAc, DTPA, NH₄OAc-EDTA, NH₄NO₃, HCl and CaCl₂. Plant samples were also collected and analyzed for Cd. Significant differences in extractable Cd by all the extractants except NH₄NO₃ were observed between the newly and long-term cultivated soils. The Cd concentrations in plants were not increased by the elevated extractable Cd. Although significant relationships were observed between plant Cd and extractable soil Cd, none of the extractants used alone gave a good assessment of plant-available Cd for all the samples used in this study.     

Innovative methods in soil phosphorus research: A review

Phosphorus (P) is an indispensable element for all life on Earth and, during the past decade, concerns about the future of its global supply have stimulated much research on soil P and method development. This review provides an overview of advanced state‐of‐the‐art methods currently used in soil P research. These involve bulk and spatially resolved spectroscopic and spectrometric P speciation methods (1 and 2D NMR, IR, Raman, Q‐TOF MS/MS, high resolution‐MS, NanoSIMS, XRF, XPS, (µ)XAS) as well as methods for assessing soil P reactions (sorption isotherms, quantum‐chemical modeling, microbial biomass P, enzymes activity, DGT, ³³P isotopic exchange, ¹⁸O isotope ratios). Required experimental set‐ups and the potentials and limitations of individual methods present a guide for the selection of most suitable methods or combinations.     

SUMO-specific protease 3 aggravates CaPO4-induced mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by promoting macrophage polarization

AIMTo investigate the role of SUMO-specific protease 3 (SENP3) in macrophage polarization and calcium phosphate (CaPO₄)-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation in mice. METHODS（1） Bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) in Senp3^flox/flox (wild-type, WT) mice and Senp3^flox/flox; Lyz2-Cre (monocyte-specific SENP3 knockout, i.e. conditioned knockout, cKO) mice were isolated and induced for M1 and M2 polarization. The mRNA and protein expression level of SENP3 were detected by RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunocytofluorescence, and the differential distribution of M1/M2 BMDMs from WT and cKO mice was analyzed. （2） CaPO₄ was administrated to induce AAA model in 8~12-week-old male WT and cKO mice. The AAA incidence, survival rate and maximal aortic diameter were analyzed between the 2 groups. Aortic aneurysm tissues were collected for pathological analysis, and the expression levels of SENP3, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), IL-6 and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) were measured by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Dihydroethidium staining in situ in frozen sections was used to analyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). （3） To explore the potential mechanisms, Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation were used to verify the de-SUMO modification of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) induced by SENP3. Besides, BMDMs were transfected with Flag-MKK7 wild type (Flag-MKK7 WT) and SUMO-modified site K18 mutant (Flag-MKK7 K18R mutant), and then M1 polarization of the cells was induced. The protein levels of p-JNK and MMP-9 in the 2 groups were determined by Western blot. RESULTS(1) SENP3 expression was up-regulated in M1 polarized macrophages (P<0.01), but was down-regulated in M2 polarized macrophages (P<0.01). The expression of SENP3 was decreased during the transformation of M1 to M2 in the macrophages (P<0.01), but was significantly up-regulated during the opposite process (P<0.01). Besides, more M1 macrophages and less M2 macrophages after induction were observed in the BMDMs from cKO mice than those from WT mice. (2) SENP3 expression was up-regulated in AAA tissues (P<0.05). The AAA incidence of cKO mice was significantly reduced after CaPO₄ induction (P<0.01), the survival rate was significantly improved (P<0.05), and maximal aortic diameter was significantly reduced in cKO group (P<0.01). The levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα, and the production of ROS were significantly down-regulated (P<0.01), meanwhile MMP-9 expression was also down-regulated in cKO mice (P<0.05). (3) the SUMO2/3 modification of MKK7 was reduced during M1 polarization, and MKK7 interaction with SENP3 was enhanced. Significantly up-regulated protein level of p-JNK and MMP-9 were verified in the M1 macrophages transfected with Flag-MKK7 K18R mutant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION SENP3 activates the MAPK/JNK pathway via de-SUMOylation of MKK7, regulates the M1/M2 polarization of macrophages and promotes the protein level of MMP-9, thus aggravating AAA formation.     

施肥对春小麦麸皮中蛋白质和矿物质含量的影响

以永良4号为试验材料,研究了磷酸二铵种肥、锌肥、硒肥对春小麦麸皮中蛋白质及矿物质含量的影响,结果表明：施用磷酸二铵种肥显著提高麸皮中Mn和Se的含量：喷施锌肥显著地提高了麸皮中Zn含量,降低了P、Fe、Cu的含量;喷施硒肥显著提高了麸皮中Ca、Mn、Se的含量,降低了P、Fe、Cu、Zn的含量;喷施锌硒混合肥显著提高了麸皮中Zn和Se含量,降低了蛋白质、Ca、Fe、P的含量。     

磷转运蛋白OsPT6在水稻武育粳7号苗期磷素吸收利用中的作用

磷转运蛋白OsPT6为水稻Pht1家族成员之一,具有吸收和转运磷酸盐双重功能。以水稻高产品种武育粳7号的OsPT6超表达转基因材料为试材,研究磷转运蛋白OsPT6在武育粳7号磷素吸收利用中的作用。结果表明:1)OsPT6在武育粳7号的地下部表达丰度较高,同时在地下部和地上部该基因均受缺磷诱导表达量显著增加。2)OsPT6超表达后,转基因植株生长良好。正常供磷和低磷处理35d后,OsPT6超表达植株地上部和地下部干物质量都显著增加。3)OsPT6超表达转基因材料在不同浓度磷素处理后,各组织全磷含量有所增加,其中营养器官尤为显著。     

不同氮素添加对不同土地利用方式黑土氮素转化特征的影响

以吉林省典型黑土区的玉米、果树、森林、水稻和菜地土壤为研究对象,采用室内培养法研究氮素在不同土地利用方式黑土中的形态转化特征。结果表明:施加氮肥使不同土地利用方式黑土的铵态氮和硝态氮含量均有不同程度的提高,其中铵态氮含量差异不显著,硝态氮含量差异显著。对于施加尿素的处理而言,S2(129.82 mg/kg)和C2(138.01 mg/kg)硝态氮含量显著高于G2(111.89 mg/kg)和D2(105.35 mg/kg),且Y2(126.92 mg/kg)显著高于D2。对于施加磷酸二铵的处理而言,各土壤硝态氮含量由大到小的顺序为C3(160.23 mg/kg)>Y3(150.00 mg/kg)>S3(140.12 mg/kg)>G3(133.45 mg/kg)>D3(126.70 mg/kg),且C3和Y3显著高于G3和D3。土壤净矿化速率和净硝化速率分别与土壤C/N,土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮呈显著负相关。整个培养期间,Y、G、C和D土壤平均NMR由大到小的顺序均为处理2>处理3>CK处理,S土壤平均NMR由大到小的顺序为处理3>处理2>CK处理。Y、G和D土壤平均NR由大到小的顺序均为处理2>处理3>CK处理,S和C土壤平均NR由大到小的顺序为处理3>处理2>CK处理。土壤理化性质对黑土氮素转化特征有重要影响。     

高效聚磷菌株GM1的分离和聚磷特性研究

采用纯培养结合蓝白斑筛选法从土壤中筛选到一株高效聚磷菌,初步鉴定为费氏柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacterfreundii),命名为GM1。GM1在LB、YG和MOPS培养基上均可正常生长,其生长pH在5·5至8·5之间,最适生长pH为7·5。该菌在不同的培养基上最适生长温度不同,在LB培养基上为37℃,YG和MOPS-葡萄糖培养基上为30℃。在好氧条件下MOPS培养基培养24h后,GM1菌体含磷量为11·5%;上清液磷浓度由43·8mgL-1下降为14·7mgL-1,磷去除率达69%,poly-P染色显示菌体中有异染粒。GM1具有较强的聚磷能力。     

建土壤磷肥连续效应的研究

当季作物只利用磷肥的很小部分。在旱作条件下,残存在土壤中的大部分磷肥,不断转为非活性磷;随时间的延长,磷肥对后作的连续效应不断降低。改为水田时,旱作物未吸收的磷素,将释放进入活性磷库中,使作物吸磷量急剧上升。四季作物磷肥累加回收率将大大超过当季回收率,最高达56.86%。因此,要注重当季的施磷效果,又不容忽视磷肥的连续效应。土壤磷库水平与作物吸磷量的关系密切。在旱作条件下,作物吸磷量占 Olsen-P 量的1/4～1/3左右;在水田则可超过 Olsen-P 量的1～2倍以上。土壤总磷库(全磷量)虽然对当季作物吸磷量的影响没有达到显著水准,但对四季作物的总吸磷量和生物产量则有极显著正相关,相关系数分别为γ=0.6192、0.6530。为此,提高土壤磷库水平在生产上是有重要意义的。     

磷酸胍盐的合成

用碳酸胍和磷酸在水溶液中反应,控制溶液的pH值,可分别获得磷酸一胍和磷酸二胍。经胍含量测定,含N量和含P量分析及红外光谱测定,得知所制得产品纯度较高。