99%矿物油乳油(绿颖)防治茶橙瘿螨药效试验研究

1地连续2年的药效试验表明，99％矿物油乳油施药后3d对茶橙瘿螨效果较明显，50、150倍液防效均超过80％，250倍液防效为73．6％，施药后7、14、21d，2种较高剂量的99％矿物油乳油防效均超过80％．最高达97％以上。在推荐施用浓度范围内，药效高，持效性好．对茶树和天敌生物无不良影响。     

用乙基环丙沙星重建受大肠杆菌污染的BHK-21细胞

为重建受大肠杆菌污染的BHK-21细胞,本研究采用药物乙基环丙沙星,先测出该药对大肠杆菌的最低抑制浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC),再测出该药对BHK-21细胞的MIC,从而确定10 mg/L为乙基环丙沙星不影响细胞生长,又能抑制大肠杆菌的安全浓度。然后用含该浓度乙基环丙沙星的MEM生长液,对受污染的BHK-21细胞进行物理、化学相结合的循环处理。经过3次循环处理,再传3代后,确认大肠杆菌污染已经被彻底清除,细胞恢复了健康。此方法为抢救受细菌污染的细胞提供了参考。     

Efficacy for a New Live Attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis Vaccine Candidate to Reduce Internal Egg Contamination

To evaluate the efficacy of a novel attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis (△lon△cpxR) vaccine candidate (JOL919), chickens were immunized through oral and intramuscular routes to reduce egg contamination against S. Enteritidis challenge. Birds were orally immunized with JOL919 on the first day of life and were subsequently boosted in the 6th and 16th weeks through oral (group B) or intramuscular (group C) route, while control birds were unimmunized (group A). The chickens of all groups were challenged intravenously with the virulent S. Enteritidis strain in the 24th week. The immunized groups B and C showed significantly higher plasma IgG and intestinal secretory IgA levels as compared to those of the control group. The lymphocyte proliferation response and CD45⁺CD3⁺ T‐cell number in the peripheral blood of the groups B and C were significantly increased. In addition, the egg contamination rates were significantly lower in the group B (0%, 10.7% and 0%) and the group C (3.6%, 14.3% and 3.6%) as compared to the group A (28.6%, 42.8% and 28.6%) in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks post‐challenge. All animals in the groups B and C showed lower organ lesion scores in the liver and spleen and lower bacterial counts in the liver, spleen and ovary at the 3rd week post‐challenge. These results indicate that this vaccine candidate can be an efficient tool for prevention of Salmonella infections by inducing protective humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition, this vaccine did not prevent egg contamination, but did appear to reduce incidence. Booster immunizations, especially via oral administration route, showed an efficient protection against internal egg contamination with S. Enteritidis.     

1种食用菌细菌隐性污染栽培种的菌种分离研究

研究1种以木屑为主要配方的食用菌细菌隐性污染栽培种的菌种分离。稀释涂布平板法分析细菌总数。栽培种捣碎后悬于无菌水,分别以短时(5 min)涡漩振荡、摇床振荡(180 r/min)、低温静置(4℃) 3种方式处理;灭菌纱布过滤收集、无菌水淋洗木屑接种至PDA斜面,培养使其生长。以未经处理木屑为接种物作为对照。结果显示栽培种细菌数为15500 cfu/g;对照（30支）以及采用短时涡漩振荡处理所接30支斜面全部细菌污染;摇床振荡1、2、3、4天纯化率分别为20%、30%、46.67%及63.3%;低温静置1、2、3、4天纯化率分别为3.3%、10%、46.67%和60%。以木屑为主要配方的细菌隐性污染栽培种悬于无菌水经1~4天振荡或浸湿再分离的基内菌丝分离法可有效分离纯化菌种。     

Bacteria and antibiotic resistance detection in fractures of wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain

Anatomic adaptations make birds more prone to open fractures with exposed bone parts losing vascularization. As a result of this exposure, fractures are colonized by different microorganisms, including different types of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, causing osteomyelitis in many cases. For this reason, antibiotic treatment is common. However, carrying out antibiotic treatment without carrying out a previous antibiogram may contribute to increased resistance against antibiotics, especially in migratory wild birds. In this paper, bacterial counts regarding fracture type, bacterial identification and antibiotic resistance have been analysed in wild birds from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Spain. The results obtained showed that open fractures had higher bacterial counts (CFU/mL) than closed ones. Bacteria in family Enterobacteriaceae, identified were Escherichia spp., Enterobacter spp., Shigella spp., Hafnia alvei, Proteus mirabilis, Leclercia adecarboxylata and Pantoea agglomerans. Other bacteria present in wild birds’ fractures were Aeromonas spp., Enterococcus spp. Bacillus wiedmannii and Staphylococcus sciuri. All species found presented resistance to at least one of the antibiotics used. Wild birds can be implicated in the introduction, maintenance and global spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and represent an emerging public health concern. Results obtained in this paper support the idea that it is necessary to take this fact into account before antibiotic administration to wild animals, since it could increase the number of bacteria resistant to antibiotics.     

Pollen-mediated gene flow in an autogamous crop: Foxtail millet (Setavia italica)

Gene How is a key concern associated with the eonlamination of seed multiplication iields and the use of transgenic crops. The release of herbicide-resistant germplasnis and the use of male-sterile varieties make foxtail millet (Sviaria ilalicii) an appropriate material to inves-tigate this concern. Pollen dispersal from pollen donor sources and gene tlow in fertile and male-slerile varieties of fortail millet were investigated in experiments in China and France. Although foxtail millel is mainly autogamous (less than 2% oiitcrossing), pollen from a 5m diameter plot could fertilize a tertile variety up to 24 ni away, and a male-sterile variety up to 40m. Negative exponential and WeibuU fnnctions were used to tit the relationships between percentage and number i.A iubrids per cm of ear with distance from the pollen source. Wind velocity and direction resulted in variations of gene How intensity, but did nol change liie slope ofthe regression equations. Pollen competition for available target ovules was observed up to 2 m away from a 1 m diameter pollen source. The percentage of pollen grains that fertilized ovules outside the pollen donor source was 1.4% of the total pollen grain produetion. For every iflO pollen grains released under lieid conditions 1.5 seeds were produced. The probability funetion of pollen dispersal for one donor plant was calculated. It allowed predictions of gene How accord-ing to lield shapes, estimations of isolation distances to preserve /ariety purity against pollen contamination, and the fornuiiation of efficient male/female ratios Ibr hybrid seed production.     

农作物收获前黄曲霉毒素污染与控制措施

黄曲霉毒素(aflatoxin,AFT)是曲霉属真菌产生的一大类生物毒素,是危及食品安全和人类健康的主要物质之一。农产品收获前黄曲霉毒素污染是热带、亚热带地区普遍存在的问题,其中在玉米、花生、棉籽、辣椒籽和一些木本坚果及其产品中尤为严重。国内外现有研究结果表明,多种因素可影响作物收获前黄曲霉毒素污染,其中干旱和高温的综合胁迫是最主要的环境因素。作物抗性对降低毒素污染具有重要作用。综合运用分子生物学及常规育种技术改良作物品种对黄曲霉菌侵染或产毒的抗性以及对其他病虫害及干旱的抗(耐)性,是解决黄曲霉毒素污染问题的重要途径。作物生产过程中病虫害的防治和合理的田间管理是作物收获前黄曲霉毒素污染的有效防控措施。     

太原市市售蔬菜重金属污染状况及健康风险评估

为明确太原市市售蔬菜重金属污染状况及经食入途径对人体产生的健康风险,测定了太原市市售15种蔬菜共130个样品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr的含量。根据国家食品卫生限量标准用单污染指数和综合污染指数对蔬菜重金属污染状况进行评价,根据国际辐射防护委员会限定值对市民摄入重金属污染蔬菜带来的健康风险进行评估。结果表明：43.8%的生菜、33.3%的白菜、5.6%的韭菜中的Pb超标;75%的生菜、25%的白菜中的Cd超标;生菜有轻度污染,芹菜和白菜污染程度达警戒线,其余品种蔬菜为安全;蔬菜重金属污染程度依次是Pb>Cd>Cr>Zn>Cu。太原市市售蔬菜致癌化学污染物Cd的个人年风险为7.14×10-6 a-1,Cr为6.20×10-5 a-1,非致癌化学污染物Pb的个人年风险为2.34×10-8 a-1,Cu为7.92×10-8 a-1,Zn为4.40×10-9 a-1;摄入污染蔬菜带来的健康风险来源是Cr,其个人年风险水平高于国际辐射防护委员会ICRP的限定值。     

食品中铅的安全性分析

铅是一种重金属,由于目前金属铅的广泛应用,使得食品受铅的污染十分严重。全面综述了铅的毒性及其危害,指出减少铅污染的措施。     

合肥市售蔬菜中3种磺胺类药物残留污染调查

为了解蔬菜中典型磺胺类药物的残留污染情况,采用高效液相色谱法测定合肥市售的14种蔬菜中3种磺胺类药物含量。结果表明：3种磺胺类药物在14种蔬菜中均有不同程度检出,但不同药物的残留污染状况差异很大。SM2的检出率为97.3%,最高检出浓度为0.5824 mg/kg;SMZ的检出率为24.5%,最高检出浓度为0.0296 mg/kg;SDZ的检出率为22.8%,最高检出浓度为0.0298 mg/kg;不同类别蔬菜中磺胺类药物含量差异大,叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜中磺胺类药物残留污染相对严重;磺胺二甲基嘧啶主要分布在蔬菜的叶片和根部;磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲噁唑在冬季蔬菜中的检出率明显高于夏季。污染评价表明,蔬菜中磺胺二甲基嘧啶的残留污染情况最严重,超标率高达96.3%;磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲噁唑的污染情况相对较轻,超标率分别为1.8%和24.5%。由此可见,蔬菜中磺胺类药物的残留污染状况已相当严重。