Suitability of plant physiological methods to estimate the transpiration of agricultural crops

Transpiration is the main part of the water balance in the system soil-plant during the vegetation period. Its determination or calculation is essential for modeling of soil moisture content or solute transport. Transpiration is difficult to quantify because it is influenced by the atmosphere, the soil, and the plants. This paper describes the potential and limitations of plant physiological methods (sap flow, gas exchange, leaf water potential) to estimate the transpiration. A weighable lysimeter was used as reference method. Results are shown for corn [Zea mays L.] and rape [Brassica napus L.]) for the years 1998 and 1999. At days without rain the diurnal transpiration rates, determined by the plant physiological methods and by the lysimeter differ by less than 12%. The results demonstrate that the plant physiological methods applied are important for an understanding of the complex transpiration process. Limitations lie in the difficulties in up-scaling, and the impossibility of measurements of the absolute actual transpiration rates of agricultural crops for longer periods like months or years.     

温室滴灌条件下番茄植株茎流变化规律试验

为探明滴灌条件下温室番茄植株茎流速率变化规律及其影响因素,本文采用Dynamax公司开发的包裹式茎流计观测日光温室番茄植株的茎流变化,研究茎流速率的变化规律及茎流速率监测结果的标准化处理技术,探索植株茎流与气象因子的相互关系,分析水分胁迫对番茄植株茎流速率的影响。研究表明,采用单位叶面积上的茎流速率表征茎流变化规律可在一定程度上降低因探头安装位置不同对监测结果的影响;在充分供水条件下,影响番茄植株茎流速率的主要因子是太阳辐射和饱和水气压差,番茄植株的日茎流速率与太阳辐射呈线性关系,与饱和差呈对数关系（R2＞0.90,P＜0.01）;土壤水分状况会明显影响番茄植株茎流状况,茎流速率随水分胁迫加剧而骤减。研究结果证明番茄植株茎流速率经标准化处理后可以真实的反映植株蒸腾规律。     

微喷灌结合滴灌对温室高温环境和作物生长生理特性的影响

微喷灌结合滴灌是指在作物根区滴灌的基础上对作物冠层进行微喷灌来改善作物生长环境的一种灌水方式。为了探明微喷灌结合滴灌（micro-sprinkler irrigation combined with drip irrigation,MSDI）和地表滴灌（surface drip irrigation,SDI）2种灌水方式下温室高温环境及作物生长生理特性的差异及响应规律,该研究以黄瓜为试验对象,于2017年2－6月开展了2种灌水方式下温室环境及黄瓜生长生理特性的观测试验。结果表明：在改变温室环境方面,MSDI灌水方式较SDI可增加温室内相对湿度,降低气温,同时降低叶片温度约4℃;在作物生长生理特性方面,采用MSDI可增加黄瓜株高与茎粗,降低作物茎流速率,促进黄瓜生长;2种灌水方式下黄瓜最大光合效率几乎一致,分别为0.74和0.77,但日平均实际光合效率差异明显,分别为0.57和0.47,MSDI灌水方式下黄瓜叶片日平均气孔导度和光合速率比SDI方式分别高182.8%和92.4%。该研究成果对于合理调控温室高温环境、提高温室作物产量具有重要的指导意义。     

Charcoal production through selective logging leads to degradation of dry woodlands:a case study from Mutomo District,Kenya

Provision of woodfuel is an important ecosystem service of dry forests and woodlands.However,charcoal production through selective logging of preferred hardwood species has the potential to alter the physiognomic composition of the residual or re-growth woodlands and may lead to their deterioration and degradation.This study,conducted through forest inventory in Mutomo District in Kenya,assessed the impact of charcoal production on unprotected dry woodlands in terms of tree density,targeted species basal area,species richness,evenness and Shannon diversity.The parameters of the disturbed woodlands were evaluated for significant differences with those of the neighbouring protected Tsavo East National Park,which served as a reference for an ecologically undisturbed ecosystem.By evaluating a consequence of tree harvesting for charcoal production,this study confirmed the overall significant differences between the protected and unprotected woodlands in all the tested parameters.To confirm if the differences in the land-covers of the woodlands had any influence on their degradation,all mentioned parameters were compared between the four differentiated classes and their respective control plots in the protected areas.At the "land-cover level",the statistically significant difference in the basal area of tree species preferred for charcoal production between the protected and unprotected open trees confirms that the class with a high density of large mature trees is the prime target of charcoal producers.In addition,there seems to be a general trend of lower values of tree species richness,evenness and Shannon diversity for the unprotected woodlands subjected to charcoal production.On the other hand,the disturbed woodlands display the potential to recover through their comparably high saplings density.The findings make an important contribution to the discourse on the impact of charcoal production in dry woodlands,a topic that is highly controversial among researchers.     

不同时间尺度下黄土塬区19年生苹果树干液流速率与环境因子的关系

【目的】以黄土高原沟壑区的典型代表长武塬为研究区,通过环境因子估算19年生苹果树耗水速率在不同时间尺度上的可行性,以期为黄土塬区有限水资源条件下苹果发展的科学布局、合理制定果园管理措施、增强其生产能力提供理论依据。【方法】选取黄土塬区长武县19年生苹果林生态系统为研究对象,应用热扩散式茎流计（TDP）于2014年5-9月对苹果林内8株标准果树树干液流速率进行连续测定,并通过数据采集器CR1000（Campbell Scientific,UN）对数据进行采集分析,用位于距样地50 m处的自动气象观测站连续监测获取气象数据;分析不同时间尺度下19年生苹果树干液流速率与环境因子的关系,建立不同时间尺度下树干液流速率与环境因子的关系模型。【结果】小时尺度下,苹果树干液流速率与水汽压差相关关系最密切,且与太阳辐射、风速和地表温度均呈极显著相关关系,树干液流速率曲线呈明显的单峰曲线,逐步回归方程为：v=-11.683+2.3VPD+0.009Rs+0.55Ts+0.880Ws,相关系数为0.779。日尺度下,只有地表温度、水汽压差与苹果树干液流速率显著相关。逐步回归方程为：v=1.637+0.404Ts-3.097VPD,相关系数为0.771。月尺度下,19年生苹果树干液流速率整体表现为8月＞7月＞6月＞9月＞5月,进入逐步回归方程的仅有地表温度,逐步回归方程为：v=-3.524+0.509Ts,相关系数为0.981。时间尺度越大,与苹果树干液流速率相关的环境因子越少,但地表温度始终都是其主导因子,且相关系数随着时间尺度的增大而增大;风速只在小时尺度下与树干液流速率极显著相关。水汽压差在小时尺度下与树干液流速率极显著正相关,在日尺度下与树干液流速率极显著负相关;太阳辐射在3种尺度下与树干液流速率的相关关系不明确。3种尺度下的逐步回归方程,以月尺度下的相关系数最大。【结论】在较大的时间尺度上,通过对少量环境因子的监测便能推算整株植物甚至整个林分的耗水量;在较小时间尺度上,液流速率受较多环境因子影响,且对每个环境因子的分辨率较高。因此,用环境因子估算整株植物或整个林分耗水不能达到很高的精准度,还需采用直接测定的方法。     

幼龄桉树茎流特征及其对环境因子的响应

旨在揭示幼龄桉树茎流速率变化特征及其与环境因子关系,为桉树人工林可持续经营与管理提供依据。于2014年6-9月利用Dynagage包裹式茎流传感器和DL2e环境因子测量系统对海南西部儋州林场幼龄桉树树液茎流及主要环境因子进行连续监测。结果表明,1）雨季幼龄桉树茎流速率具有“昼高夜低”的节律性,夜晚茎流速率都很小,约为日均值的0.10%~7.27%。2）晴天、阴天、雨天树液茎流速率差异明显,晴天的树液茎流速率峰值、日均值分别为13.861 mL·cm^-2·h^-1和2.349 mL·cm^-2·h^-1,是阴天的2.27倍和1.50倍,雨天的10.52倍和4.90倍。3）雨季幼龄桉树茎流速率与太阳辐射、空气湿度、空气温度等气象因子均具极显著的相关关系,而受土壤水分影响较小;晴天太阳辐射对茎流速率影响最大,阴天和雨天空气温度对茎流速率影响最大。液流速率与环境因子逐步回归分析结果表明,3种天气条件下的影响液流速率变化的主导因子不同。     

银杏树干边材液流及水容特性研究

为探明银杏(Ginkgo biloba)枝叶水势、水容特征及其对树干边材液流的调节和影响。利用热扩散式边材液流检测技术、压力室技术等对其树干边材液流、枝叶水势、水容等进行测定。结果表明,春、夏、秋三季银杏树干边材平均液流速率分别为（1.11±0.76）×10^-3、（0.82±0.58）×10^-3、（0.94±0.21）×10^-3 cm·s^-1,三者之间无显著差异。银杏枝条与叶片水势、水容具有相似的“V”型日变化。整个生长季,银杏枝条和叶片平均水势分别为（-1.74±0.24）MPa和（-1.80±0.20）MPa;枝条和叶片水容分别为（0.38±0.02）×10^-3 g·cm^-3·MPa^-1和（5.83±1.9）×10^-3 g·cm^-3·MPa^-1。银杏枝叶水势、水容与树干边材液流速率呈负相关,共同作用和调节其蒸腾耗水,但不同时段其主导因子不同。     

Cytosolic glutamine synthetase is present in the phloem sap of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The presence of glutamine synthetase (GS) in the rice sieve tube was examined. Proteins in the rice phloem sap from leaf sheaths were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, transferred to polyvinylidine difluoride membranes and immunoblotted with anti-GS1 antibody. A cross-reacting band, thought to be GS1, was detected in the phloem sap. Moreover, the phloem sap contained a significant amount of GS transferase activity. Previous studies have shown that the concentrations of substrates and cofactors in the rice phloem sap are sufficient for cytosolic GS reaction. These data suggest that physiologically active GS1 is present in rice phloem sap, which might convert glutamate to glutamine in vivo .     

增铵营养对番茄植株伤流液组分及含量的影响

在总氮(N)浓度相等的条件下,研究全硝营养(100% NO3-)和25% 增铵营养(NH4+∶NO3- = 25%∶75%)对开花期和幼果期番茄植株伤流液各组分含量的影响.结果表明,增铵营养显著增加幼果期伤流液中 K的含量,对Ca、Mg、P元素含量没有显著影响;增铵营养下伤流液中 NO3- 的含量下降、NH4+ 含量增加,氨基酸、苹果酸等的含量均显著增加,氨基酸/硝态氮含量之比显著提高,表明喜硝作物适当增铵不仅能够提高根系活力,显著促进K的吸收以供果实发育之需,而且提高了植株整体同化N素的能力.     

柠条主根液流与叶面积关系初探

运用热扩散技术对3株柠条主根部液流速率进行了监测,对试验期间典型晴天日(30d)液流速率的分析表明:柠条根部液流传输受大气蒸发力、冠层输出、边材面积的共同影响;1、2、3号样株边材面积分别为6.61、7.17、5.06 cm2,日平均液流总量分别为457.92、1014.66、292.12 g·d-1,日平均液流总量随边材面积的增加而增大;各样株间日平均液流总量的差异显著,而单位叶面积的液流量无显著差异;2号柠条样株的液流速率日变化动态与潜在蒸发散的相关性最强,叶面积/边材面积为0.62m2·cm-2,可以作为评定柠条单株是否具有与当地水文条件相适应的根冠比例关系的重要指标.试验期间样株根区60～140 cm内土壤平均含水量分别占田间持水量的51.04%、63.26%和87.0%,土壤水分状况较好.