不同时间尺度土壤因子与柽柳液流速率关系的差异

【目的】研究土壤因子对柽柳液流的影响及存在时间尺度差异,为不同时间尺度下更为准确的分析柽柳液流的变化规律。【方法】利用PS-TDP8树木液流监测系统及5TM土壤温度与湿度传感器对库姆塔格沙漠东南部柽柳液流速率及土壤因子(土壤含水量SWC及土壤温度Ts)持续 5个月同步观测。【结果】月尺度下,Ts_20cm是液流速率变化的主要影响因子,单独能解释91.7%的液流速率变化;日尺度下,进入的土壤因子依次为Ts_20cm、Ts_200cm、SWC_50cm、SWC_150cm、SWC_20cm,Ts_20cm可以解释液流速率变化的72.1%,5个因子共同可以解释82.9%的液流速率变化,日尺度下对柽柳液流速率影响最大的也是20 cm层土壤温度;小时尺度下,对液流影响最大的是Ts_20cm,Ts_20cm可以解释液流速率变化的37.6%,6个因子共同可以解释55.9%的液流速率变化。随着时间尺度的扩大,与柽柳树干液流显著相关的土壤因子个数有减少的趋势,而对其解释程度则有增加的趋势。【结论】土壤因子模拟计算小时尺度柽柳液流速率需要的参数较多,预测月尺度液流速率需要的参数最少,可靠性最大,能够较好地解释柽柳液流速率变化,月尺度预测柽柳液流速率更加准确。     

不同保鲜剂对椰子花序汁液的保鲜效果

针对椰子花序汁液(简称椰花汁)采后品质变化显著的特点,研究了脱氢醋酸钠、二氧化硫、尼泊金丁酯和丙酸钙对椰花汁采后自然发酵过程中的保鲜效果.结果表明,0.03%的脱氢醋酸钠可强烈抑制椰花汁中产酸菌和酵母菌的活性,与其他组相比,在7 d内折光糖度、乙醇含量、总酸、挥发酸和氨基酸含量变化最小;0.01%二氧化硫可抑制总酸和挥发酸的增加,但不能抑制乙醇的升高,第4 d乙醇含量高达6.8%;0.01%尼泊金丁酯在自然发酵前3d内糖度和总酸变化不大,而3d后总酸显著上升.     

不同化控剂对春玉米根系伤流液特性的影响及其激素调控机制

以东农253为试验材料,在玉米6叶期喷施吨田宝(DTB)、DCPTA和ETH复配剂(KP)两种化控剂,对照为清水。结果表明,DTB和KP均可提高春玉米根系伤流量,特别是生育后期的流量,分别比对照提高了72.34%和129.78%;提高了伤流液中矿质元素的流量,氨基酸的总流量也得到相应的提高,特别是丝氨酸的流量。内源激素IAA、CTK和ABA流量在各时期均有增加;GA流量在乳熟期得到显著提高,拔节期、抽雄吐丝期和灌浆初期均低于对照,之后得到显著提高。对内源激素比值均有不同程度的影响,改变了激素间的平衡水平;提高了行粒数和百粒重,产量分别比对照提高了13.89%和21.06%。相关性分析表明,玉米根系伤流量及其组分与产量密切相关,表明化控剂具有调控根系伤流量、矿质元素和内源激素流量的作用,对促进地上部生长发育和产量的形成有重要作用。     

鄂尔多斯高原沙地柏液流通量及其影响因子

[目的]分析沙地柏液流通量变化特征及主要影响因子,为沙地植被的保护提供理论依据。[方法]以鄂尔多斯高原沙地植被的优势种沙地柏为研究对象,利用热扩散(TDP)技术监测生长季沙地柏的液流动态,通过相关分析和回归分析等研究其与气象因子的关系。[结果]晴天沙地柏的液流通量为单峰曲线,干旱时为双峰曲线。雨天沙地柏的液流通量为单峰或双峰曲线。晴天沙地柏液流通量的最大值是2.30～23.38 g/(cm~2·h)。沙地柏液流通量对降雨的响应具有1～4 d的时滞。生长季沙地柏液流通量与光合有效辐射、水汽压亏缺、气温和风速均呈显著正相关,而与相对湿度和降雨量呈显著负相关。[结论]鄂尔多斯高原沙地柏的液流通量随天气而变化。太阳辐射和水分是沙地柏液流通量的主要影响因子。建议当地加强对沙地柏灌丛的保护,防止由于过度水分消耗导致的植被退化。     

Effects of three esca-associated fungi on Vitis vinifera L.: V. Changes in the chemical and biological profile of xylem sap from diseased cv. Sangiovese vines

A vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese was surveyed for incidence of esca and xylem sap collection. Sap samples were collected from healthy vines and from those with dual infection by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) and Togninia minima (Tmi) or triple infection by Pch, Tmi and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme), during each early spring in a 3-year period (2001–2003). In order to analyse the possible trends in the climatic data, temperature and rainfall were assessed. At sap harvesting, aliquots of sap were assayed for phytotoxicity and extracted with ethyl acetate for phytotoxin recovery. Moreover, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) content was evaluated on several sap samples during the bleeding period. Conidia of Pch and Tmi, mycelium of Fme and their secondary metabolites were found in the sap of the esca-affected vines, indicating that the pathogens and their by-products together with some defence substances were accumulated and then translocated. Bioactivity tests showed toxicity of the sap from esca-affected vines to healthy detached leaves of cv. Sangiovese. The daily amount of sap, the pH, and the volume (J_v) and solute (J_s) fluxes were analysed as a function of the infecting fungi. Pullulan, glucogalactomannan(s) and arabinogalactan(s) are the main EPS in the esca-infected vines, whereas in the sap of healthy vines no traces of pullulan were found. Scytalone and isosclerone usually produced in vitro by Pch and Tmi were also detected in the sap of vines infected by Pch and Tmi or by Pch, Tmi and Fme. The endogenous phytohormone content of healthy vines evaluated by the cutting bioassay was different from that of infected vines. Four phenolics belonging to three classes e.g., benzoic acid derivatives, stilbenes and flavonol-glycosides were separated and identified by HPLC.     

缺铁黄瓜地上部对根系适应性反应的调节

用营养液培养方法研究了黄瓜地上部对根系缺铁适应性反应的调节。缺铁导致植株根系Fe     

Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 2. Competition for water

A study was carried out in an alley cropping system in the Eastern Maize Belt of the United States with the objective of quantifying the competition for water between trees (black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Spatial and temporal variation in soil moisture, tree and maize rooting patterns, tree and maize water uptake, and maize leaf area expansion were determined in three treatments; barrier (polyethylene root barriers separating maize and tree roots), trench (trenching without a polyethylene barrier), and no barrier (control). Significant temporal variation in soil moisture was observed in both black walnut and red oak alley cropping systems. The barrier and trench treatments resulted in higher soil moisture in the maize alley and lower soil moisture in the tree row than the no barrier treatment. Uptake of water by maize was higher in the barrier than the no barrier treatment. However, tree water uptake was higher in the no barrier treatment than in the barrier treatment because tree roots utilized water from the maize alley. Maize leaf area was negatively impacted by water stress in the no barrier treatment. Quantification of rooting patterns revealed that maize and tree roots were concentrated in the top 30 cm soil layer where water fluctuations were greatest. The barrier and trench treatments successfully eliminated the belowground root competition between trees and maize and resulted in greater leaf area and higher grain yields than the no barrier treatment. Thus, competition for water rather than competition for light seems to be critical in defining the productivity and sustainability of this alley cropping system.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

应用热扩散式探针法对南方红壤丘陵区湿地松人工林耗水量的研究

运用Granier热扩散式探针法对湿地松(Pinus elliottii)树干液流密度进行长期连续测定,并对其周围多个气象要素和土壤要素进行同步测定。湿地松生长旺季不同月份晴天液流密度日变化规律基本一致,但液流启动、到达峰值的时间以及开始升高、开始下降的时间间隔存在差异。样木解析结果表明,处于低龄期的湿地松,整个木质部都可看作边材,边材面积和胸径可用二次函数很好地拟合。方差分析结果表明:不同胸径湿地松树干液流密度不存在显著性差异,与胸径无紧密关系。回归分析结果表明:湿地松日累计液流量与边材面积呈显著的线性相关关系,相关关系的判定系数达0.99。另外,单位边材面积日累计液流量与入选各气象因素的相关性显著,相关程度大小顺序为光合有效辐射>冠层相对湿度>冠层温度。结合边材面积-胸径回归方程和样木胸径调查资料,分别采用2种方法推算整个标准地的耗水量。经比较,2种方法所得结果差别不大,各自适用于一定的范围。     

基于树干液流通量的沙地樟子松合理林分密度的确定

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)对辽宁省章古台樟子松人工固沙林生长季期间树干液流速率进行了连续5年的测定,结合同步观测的降水、林冠截留量、林内蒸发散量和土壤水分含量,利用水量平衡的方法,推算了现阶段樟子松应有的合理密度。结果表明:4月上中旬沙地樟子松液流启动,10月中下旬液流基本结束,生长季(4-10月)各月平均液流速率分别为2.58、4.78、5.19、5.01、4.84、4.30、1.93 cm·h^-1,以6月份的最高,其次依次为7、8、5、9月份,4、10两月平均液流速率较低。通过推算,径阶14、16、18、20 cm的樟子松纯林的合理密度分别应为688、531、422、344株·hm^-2,现有同径阶的林分普遍存在密度过大的问题。研究结果对于现有林分的科学经营具有重要的指导意义。     

半干旱区华北落叶松林冠层蒸腾特征及其影响因子

准确量化半干旱区森林植被耗水特征及其影响因子对植被-水-土的综合管理至关重要。选择内蒙古大青山的华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,利用热扩散探针法监测树干液流,同步监测气象因子和土壤体积含水量。结果表明,研究期间华北落叶松冠层蒸腾存在明显月、季节变化,冠层蒸腾季节变化呈单峰曲线,冠层月蒸腾量（mm）为8月（55.08）＞7月（54.76）＞6月（48.76）＞5月（43.13）＞9月（40.20）＞10月（12.36）。华北落叶松林冠层蒸腾与气温、太阳辐射、大气湿度、饱和气压差、风速、土壤水分均存在极显著相关关系（P＜0.01）,回归分析表明气温、太阳辐射和大气湿度是影响冠层蒸腾的主要气象因子;基于边界线的分析表明,冠层蒸腾随太阳辐射、气温变化可用对数增长函数拟合,即随太阳辐射、气温增大,冠层蒸腾先快速后缓慢增大,达到阈值后趋于平稳;冠层蒸腾随大气湿度增加的变化遵循抛物线曲线,阈值为59.41%。次降水量对冠层蒸腾的影响存在差异,降水强度>10 mm的次降水量显著影响华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾。总体来看,气温、太阳辐射、大气湿度和降水是影响华北落叶松冠层蒸腾的主要环境因子。