试析农产品健康与环境安全的几个问题

本文对影响农产品健康与环境安全的环境、农药、肥料、质量标准问题的当前状况进行了剖析,提出了一些新的疑点、难点和加以研究解决的途径。     

Patch spraying: future role of electronics in limiting pesticide use

Developments relating to the control of application equipment can deliver improvements in pesticide use by better matching applications to target requirements. This may have components relating to the spatial distribution of a weed, pest or disease or methods by which the target, particularly a crop canopy, can be described with respect to a given application. Changes in application can relate to the dose and/or volume applied, but may also concern the way in which a treatment is delivered in terms of parameters such as spray trajectory angle and droplet size distribution. For many weed species there is evidence of patchy distributions in field situations. Studies have shown that savings of typically up to 40% in herbicide use can be achieved by adopting patch spraying approaches in such situations. Weed patch detection is key to the performance of such patch spraying systems. In widely spaced rowcrops such as vegetables, there is considerable scope for developing fully automated detection systems based on image analysis, and for the development of accurate guidance systems that apply pesticides only to the crop row. In crops with a relatively high plant density, weed detection in the medium/short term is likely to be based on manual discrimination. The costs of labour for manual weed patch mapping have been estimated at less than 1.50 ha(-1) pounds sterling. Potential savings in pesticide use can also be made if applications are matched to crop canopy structure. This is most important in bush and tree crops where savings of up to 75% in pesticide use could be achieved. In crops such as cereals, studies have shown that savings in fungicide use may be possible, particularly at earlier stages of growth by adjusting spray delivery to measured canopy characteristics. Key components of the performance of application systems concern the ability to deliver over a dose rate range of more than 3:1 while maintaining control of variables such as delivery trajectory angle and spray quality. Traceability and the effective monitoring of applications is likely to be a major driver influencing the uptake of more sophisticated control systems. Methods of labelling pesticides with systems that can be read by the application unit will be an important step in the development of recording and data handling systems that will operate safely with the minimum of operator input and enable the environmental advantages of targeted pesticide application to be monitored.     

5%S-氰戊菊酯微乳剂加工及性状简介

本文介绍了5％S-氰戊菊酯微乳剂配方的组成和制备方法，并对其性能进行了测试。     

桃中残留有机磷农药去除方法研究

本文选用洗洁精、食用碱、洗洁精加食用碱水溶液和自来水。对喷施过有机磷杀虫剂甲基对硫磷、毒死蜱的桃子进行浸渍处理。结果证明，食用碱水溶液对农药残留去除效率可达34．26％～57．23％，对毒死蜱药后7d采摘的鲜桃处理后基本可达食用标准．而甲基对硫磷仍然超标，供试洗洁精无去除作用。     

Current status of biological control of paddy weeds in Vietnam

Rice is a staple food in Vietnam and accounts for > 7.7 × 10⁶ cultivated ha, which provide 35.5 × 10⁶ t of rice, of which 4.2 × 10⁶ t were exported in 2004. The enlargement of the cropping area and the enhancement of rice yield have rapidly increased the amount of agrochemicals, including herbicides, in crop production in Vietnam. From 1990–2003, the percentage of herbicides in total pesticides has increased ≈ 10-fold to 30.2%. In addition, the improper use of herbicides caused environmental hazards, unsafe agricultural products, and human health problems. Biological management integrated with traditional weed control techniques might help to reduce the dependence on synthetic herbicides and build eco-friendly, sustainable agricultural production in Vietnam. This paper reviews the efforts in establishing a strategy for biological management of weeds that was conducted in recent years by Vietnamese weed scientists. This has included cropping system management, water and soil management, integrated pest management, and utilization of plant allelopathy as major components of the strategy. Many plants with strong allelopathic potential can be a source for biological weed suppression and soil fertility improvement. The utilization of allelopathic properties in rice might also help to provide new rice cultivars with weed-suppressing characteristics.     

Acute toxicity of organophosphorous pesticide diazinon and its effects on behavior and some hematological parameters of fingerling European catfish (Silurus glanis L.)

Diazinon is commonly used for pest control in the agricultural fields surrounding freshwater reservoirs. So this study was conducted to determine the acute toxicity of this organophosphorous pesticide, contaminating aquatic ecosystems as a pollutant, and its effects on behavior, and some hematological parameters of fingerling European catfish, Silurus glanis. Diazinon was applied at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 mg L⁻¹. The water temperature in the experimental units was kept at 16 ± 1 °C. The number of dead fishes significantly increased in response to diazinon concentrations 2-64 mg L⁻¹ (p < 0.05). With increasing diazinon concentrations, the fishes exposed duration 1 to 96 h significantly increased the number of dead fishes (p < 0.05 for each cases). The 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC₅₀ values (with 95% confidence limits) of diazinon for fingerling European catfish were estimated as 14.597 (12.985-16.340), 12.487 (11.079-14.471), 8.932 (7.907-10.348), 6.326 (no data because of p > 0.05), and 4.142 (no data because of p > 0.05) mg L⁻¹, respectively. Compared to the control specimens, fish after an acute exposure to diazinon was significantly lower erythrocyte, leukocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MCHC values (p < 0.05). In addition, it was also showed a significantly negative correlation between these hematological parameters and exposure times of diazinon (p < 0.01).     

钙肥对渭北旱原苹果产量和品质的影响

对渭北旱原红富士苹果进行了不同生育期不同处理喷施钙肥研究,结果表明,钙肥能有效提高红富士苹果的产量和品质,并能降低果实的发病率和储藏烂果率,尤其以盛果期喷施硝酸钙加奈乙酸处理的产量、硬度、含糖量、维生素C分别比对照增加86.50%、9.99%、31.8%和47.84%,发病率仅为6.7%,烂果率也低于对照72.97%,果实的氯离子和硝酸根离子也低于对照。由此可见,苹果施用钙肥应以叶面喷施为主,盛花期喷施效果最佳。     

RunMACRO: a program to facilitate sensitivity analyses using the water flow and solute movement model MACRO

Sensitivity analyses of pesticide leaching often involve a large range of simulations based on nearly identical set-ups. Using RunMACRO it is possible to make large numbers of simulations with a minimum of exertion. Running many nearly identical model set-ups is tedious and might introduce errors in selecting the correct values from a long range of parameter files that are appropriate to the model set-up. RunMACRO makes the task easier and minimises the risk of errors in the generation of parameter files and model executions. Using RunMACRO, it is possible to create a suite of MACRO simulations based on a single parameter file where the range or a list of values for one to three parameters is specified. RunMACRO then creates a parameter file for each of the simulations and runs the simulations one by one. RunMACRO can easily be modified to be used with other simulation programs that use ASCII-based parameter files and can be started from a command prompt. RunMACRO is available free to use and modify from the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland's home page.     

两种喷撒技术雾滴在花椰菜上的沉积分布研究

在花椰菜莲座后期，测定了低容量吹雾法和高容量喷雾法雾滴在花椰菜上的沉积分布。结果表明，两种喷撒技术形成的雾滴在叶片上的单位面积沉积量均以中层叶较高，内层与外层叶上较低；但吹雾法雾滴在内层和中层叶上的沉积量明显比喷雾法高，在中层叶背面的沉积机率亦比后者大。     

新型植物源杀虫剂--血根碱对苹果二斑叶螨控制效果初探

2001—2002年，在湖北广水进行的2年1％血根碱可湿性粉剂防治苹果二斑叶螨的田间药效试验表明，1％血根碱可湿性粉剂对苹果二斑叶螨有良好的灭杀效果，使用浓度在2500倍时，防治效果与生产上推广使用的20％哒螨灵可湿性粉剂2500倍液相当。