Cumulative permanent environmental effects for repeated records animal models

The assumption of a single permanent environmental (PE) effect contributing to every record made by an animal is questioned. An alternative model where new PE effects accumulate with each record made by an animal is proposed. An example is used to illustrate the differences between the traditional model and the proposed model.     

Model predicting dynamics of biomass, structure and digestibility of herbage in managed permanent pastures. 1. Model description

To investigate seasonal and annual interactions between management and grassland dynamics, a simple mechanistic model of the dynamics of production, structure and digestibility in permanent pastures was constructed. The model is designed to respond to various defoliation regimes, perform multiple‐year simulations and produce simple outputs that are easy to use as inputs for a model of ruminant livestock production. Grassland communities are described using a set of average functional traits of their constituent grass groups. The sward is subdivided into four structural compartments: green leaves and sheath, dead leaves and sheath, green stems and flowers, and dead stems and flowers. Each compartment is characterized by its biomass, age and digestibility. Only above‐ground growth is modelled, using a light‐utilization efficiency approach modulated by a seasonal pattern of storage and mobilization of reserves. Ageing of plant parts is driven by cumulative thermal time from 1 January and by biomass flows. Age affects senescence, abscission and digestibility of green compartments and, therefore, the quality of green leaves and stems can increase or decrease over time in relation to net growth and defoliation dynamics. The functional traits having the greatest impact on model outputs are seasonal effects, period of reproductive growth and effects of temperature on photosynthetic efficiency. The functional traits of the grass groups were parameterized for temperate pastures of the Auvergne region in France. The other model inputs are few: proportion of functional groups, basic weather data (incident photosynthetically active radiation, mean daily temperature, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration) and site characteristics (nitrogen nutrition index, soil water‐holding capacity). In the context of a whole‐farm simulator, the model can be applied at a field scale.     

Evaluation of relationship between dispersibility of soils and charge characteristics using a modified ion adsorption method; An example of soils from Wakayama Prefecture,Japan

The relationship between the charge characteristics and the dispersibility of soils from reclaimed land (highly dispersive) and adjacent forest area (physically stable) was investigated.

To evaluate the amount of soil charges quantitatively, the measurement based on cation and anion adsorption (ion adsorption method) was attempted in two ways, where special attention was paid to the solution concentration. In the conventional ion adsorption method, the treatments with concentrated solutions (1 mol L^-1) were included in the process. In the modified method, soils were treated with dilute solutions (5 mmol L^-1), in taking account of the soil solution concentration in humid temperate regions. The amount of charges derived from the modified method was smaller than that from the conventional one, especially in the high pH zone. In a preliminary experiment, the extraction of polyvalent cations from soils was found to be significantly affected by the salt concentration. Thus, the use of solutions with an excessively high concentration was considered to result in an error in the estimation of the active charges in soils which would contribute to the dispersion behavior in the field.

The applicability of the modified method for analyzing the dispersion behavior of soils was evaluated by relating the dispersibility of silts and clays at different pHs with the charge characteristics determined under the same ionic strength. The dispersion ratio of silts of the reclaimed land reached maximum values at pH 5.5, above which the ratio decreased, whereas the ratio of clays began to increase in the pH range above 6. The dispersion ratio of silts of the forest area increased in the pH range above 6, whereas that of clays remained constant at a low level in all the pH ranges below 7. The changes in the dispersibility of silt plus clay fractions corresponded to total charge characteristics determined by the modified method. Thus, the evaluation of soil charges by the modified ion adsorption method was considered to be effective to predict soil dispersibility under field conditions, indicating that it could replace electrokinetic analyses such as electrophoresis in studies on the dispersion/flocculation behavior of soils.     

纳米粒子系统屏蔽效应和电荷电势分布研究

建立了纳米粒子系统屏蔽效应的物理模型,应用电动力学理论求出了系统的电荷和电势分布以及屏蔽参量.以Cu和Al粒子为例,探讨了粒子线度和材料对纳米粒子系统的电荷、电势分布和屏蔽参量的影响.结果表明:两种不同金属纳米粒子构成的系统,其电荷密度和电势分布与单个带电粒子的电荷和电势分布不同,它们不仅与粒子的线度有关,而且还与粒子数密度、电子费米能、纳米粒子的分布范围等有关;两种粒子的电荷符号和密度分布不同:一种粒子的电荷密度为正且随离中心的距离增大而增大,而另一种粒子的情况相反;电荷密度随距离的变化快慢取决于粒子的线度,电荷密度的变化主要发生在两种粒子分布区域的分界面附近;系统的电势分布在两种粒子分布区域分界面处取极小值,其屏蔽参量要比块状晶体的值要小,与粒子线度、费米能、粒子数密度和分布范围等都有关.理论结果与文献给出的实验资料一致.     

高精度保证下的浙江省森林植被生物量评估

为准确评估浙江省森林植被生物量,以2009年浙江省森林资源连续清查第一手野外调查数据为数据源,以样地为评估基本单元,采用单株生物量模型法(乔木,毛竹Phyllostachys edulis,杂竹,下木和灌木),单位面积生物量模型法(草本)和单位面积生物量法(矮化乔木林、灌木经济林),测算了样地水平的森林植被生物量.在此基础上,运用系统抽样统计方法,将样地水平微观数据转换到全省宏观尺度,评估了全省总体的森林植被生物量,提供了主要评估结果的估计精度和估计区间.结果显示:2009年,浙江省森林植被总生物量为37 010.732×104t.主要森林植被类型中,乔木林群落为29 096.269×104t,竹林群落3 762.964×104t,灌木林群落1 747.953×104t.在P＜0.05的可靠性保证下,森林植被总生物量估计精度为96.64％,估计区间为35 767.171×104～38 254.293×104t;乔木林群落9558％,估计区间为27 810.214×104～30 382324×1 04t;竹林群落89.13％,估计区间为3 353.930×104～4 171.998×104t;灌木林群落90.00％,估计区间为1 573.158×104～1 922.748×104t.可见,采用以上方法测算的浙江省各类森林植被生物量评估结果,均有很高的精度保证和较好可信度.     

无刷永磁直流力矩电动机电磁场计算的数学模型分析

采用有限元法分析了计算稀土永磁式无刷直流力矩电动机电磁场的数学模型,着重解决了其中永磁体的等效及处理问题,可为无刷直流力矩电动机磁场计算提供依据     

高校班主任管理工作初探

高校班主任管理工作需要有爱心和责任心,在工作中不断积累管理方法,充分发挥班主任的主体作用,就能培养出优秀、合格的毕业生。     

灌区水费计收与水务公开系统研究

根据灌区各用水农户的具体用水情况直接对各用水农户进行水费统计和水费的结算处理,通过Internet/Intranet网络系统,对灌区水费结算和统计的整个业务流程进行信息化管理。将实现灌区所有用水用户的有关水费信息和资源的统一管理、统一调整,为灌区水费计收以及灌溉管理提供用水费用数据收集、加工处理、公布监督的先进技术手段,建立新一代的农业灌溉信息资源管理平台、交费消息传递,实现水费计收工作以及使用的透明化、公开化。     

增加投入实现引黄灌溉良性发展

引黄灌溉经济效益显著,但是灌区管理单位的财务收益却入不敷出。根据经济效益分析与水费收交情况,作者认为应加强水费回收,多方面集资以及深化水费改革等,以利于灌溉事业的良性发展。     

油气管道带磁原因及退磁方法

在油气长输管道维修更换作业中,为了缩短更换作业周期及减少剩磁对管道焊接质量的影响,需要对管道进行退磁作业。分析了导致油气管道带磁的原因:管道检测;外部存在磁场、电场;管道焊接与摩擦等。探讨了管道带磁对管道焊接、其他检测方法与管道寿命的影响。基于油气管道的退磁原理,提出3种管道退磁方法:直流退磁法、交流退磁法及永磁铁退磁法,以此提高油气管道在线焊接质量。研究结果对于工程实践中油气管道退磁方法的选择有一定的指导作用。