Biology of Larks (Aves: Alaudidae) in the Central Namib Desert

1. The biology of six species of larks in the Namib Desert near Walvis Bay, South West Africa, was studied in 1964, 1965 and 1966.

2. All species reproduced following rainfall in summer and autumn months, with the appearance of green grass and abundant insects on which the birds fed.

3. The primarily insectivorous species, Certhilauda albofasciata, shows no seasonality in moulting and testicular development, and reproduces whenever local rainfall results in favourable feeding and nesting circumstances, while the primarily granivorous Spizoeorys starki and Eremopterix verticalis have markedly seasonal testicular and moulting cycles timed so that reproduction occurs only during the late summer and autumn months. Ammomanes grayi is intermediate in food habits and in timing of moulting and reproduction, and C. albescens and Mirafra naevia may also be intermediate in this respect.

4. S. starki and E. verticalis are the only larks that normally drink, but flocks of both species were observed that were independent of drinking water.

5. Larks avoid heat stress during daytime by keeping to the shade of stones, tufts of vegetation and mouths of rodent burrows; and nests are nearly always placed on the shady side of a stone' or tuft of grass.

6. It is suggested that larks may be successful desert occupants because they have not become highly specialized and therefore can tolerate rapidly and severely changing environ-mental conditions associated with drought and irregular rainfall.     

中立型Voherra积分微分方程概周期解的存在唯一性

研究了中立型Volterra积分微分方程x’（t）=A（t）z（t）＋∫-∞^t C（t,s）g（s,x（s））ds＋∫-∞^t B（t,s）x’（s）ds＋f（t,x（t））的概周期解的存在性及唯一性问题．利用不动点方法,得到了一些关于该方程的概周期解的存在性及唯一性的新结果．     

近60年来南四湖流域降水变化特征分析

为研究气候变化背景下南四湖流域降水的时空分布特性,利用流域8个主要雨量站点1952-2011年日降水资料,基于水文特征时间序列法、Co-Kriging插值、小波分析等方法,分析了近60年来流域降水的时空演变特征。研究表明:（1）流域多年平均降水呈不显著减少趋势,从东向西递减趋势增强;（2）降水量的空间分布具有较明显的季节差异:夏季降水围绕薛城、藤县、鱼城站形成降水的强高值中心,降水高值区影响范围远大于多年平均水平,冬季降水较少,等值线分布比较均匀;（3）受季风环流的强弱和活动范围不同的影响,流域存在明显的降水突变与振荡。降水年际周期变化中,10 a时间尺度下经历了9次强烈振荡周期,是降水的第一主周期;22 a时间尺度为第二主周期,经历4次振荡。根据降水年内分配与主周期振荡趋势特征,可预测流域未来降水变化趋势与空间特征,为预防水旱灾害、合理利用水资源提供依据。     

A new boundary treatment of lattice boltzmann method (LBM) for fully developed pressure-driven periodic incompressible fluid flow

This paper proposeds a new boundary treatment of Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) for fully developed pressure-driven periodic incompressible fluid flow. The pressure gradient, instead of equivalent body force, is applied to determine the particle distribution function on the periodic traverse sections for the fully developed pressure-driven periodic flow. Numerical simulations, including 2D pressure-driven poiseuille flow and fluid flow passing periodic square obstacles, are carried out using this new boundary treatment. Simulation results show that the proposed approach not only overcomes the nonphysical inlet and outlet flow disturbances (which the LBM simulation always suffers from using the existing pressure boundary methods), but also preserves the system periodicity and generates consistent pressure distribution with macroscopic periodic boundary conditions for the pressure-driven incompressible fluid flow.     

天山西部中山带在气候变化中的启示--以天山积雪雪崩站为例

根据天山积雪雪崩站的逐年气温、降水、积雪深度和冻土深度资料的统计分析 ,对以天山积山雪雪崩站为代表的西天山中山带气象要素值的变化趋势、周期、突变做了深入的分析 ,从中得到了的一些有意义的结论 ,揭示出该地区气候变化的一些特点     

延河流域径流和输沙周期变化特征的小波分析

 用延河流域甘谷驿站1953—2000年实测月径流深和输沙模数数据和1957—2000年月均面降雨数据,采用小波多尺度方法,分析延河流域主要水文要素的周期及其变化特征。结果表明:延河流域降雨、径流和输沙存在着显著的周期,且其大小非常接近,为3.0、6.5、13.0和23.0a。降雨、径流和输沙主周期分别是3.0、23.0和23.0 a。延河流域20世纪70年代后降雨量年际分配趋于均匀。3a对应的小尺度上,70—80年代初3个水文序列对应曲线出现紊乱现象,与该时期大规模水利水土保持措施的修建有关。80年代后,由于水利水土保持措施减水减沙效益的削弱,3条曲线重新趋于一致。13a对应的中尺度和23a对应的大尺度上,均出现径流和输沙曲线不同步,或者滞后于降雨曲线现象。降水是径流和输沙周期性变化的主要外动力因子,人类活动导致的流域下垫面变化则是不可忽视的另一重要原因。     

洮河流域径流变化特征分析

分别选取洮河流域岷县站、李家村站和红旗站1945~2001年、1957~2001年和1957~2001年的月平均径流资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法来检验径流的趋势变化,结果表明:近半个世纪以来,洮河流域的径流呈现出明显的减少趋势。应用功率谱分析方法,得出了洮河流域不同径流序列的变化周期。     

基于随机共振原理检测微弱信号及自适应的研究

阐述随机共振的基本概念和原理，分析基于随机共振原理检测微弱信号的方法。采用Runge-Kutta算法分别对微弱的周期信号和非周期信号进行仿真验证，仿真结果表明基于随机共振原理可以有效地检测出强噪声背景下的微弱信号。     

CAPACITY AND QUALITY: KEYS TO SUCCESS IN THE MASS REARING OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳｍｉｔｈａｎｄＲｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ（１９６５）ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｐｅｓｔｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ,ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｓｙｎｏｎｙｍｏｕｓｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｐｅｓｔｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ（ＩＰＭ）ａｓ：Ａｐｅｓｔｐｏｐｕ...     

Multiple Periodic Solutions with Fixed Period for N-body Type Problems

Using the equivariant Ljusternik-Schnirelmann theory,the estimates of the lower bound of functional values on collision sets and the estimates of the critical values for the variational functional,we obtain some results in the large concerning multiple geometrically distinct noncollinear periodic solutions of any fixed mininal period for a class of planar N body type problems. [WT5HZ]