单点交叉口信号配时优化与碳排放的案例

阐释城市道路单点信号控制交叉口存在的问题及其改善措施.选取福州市马尾区罗星西路与青州路十字信号控制交叉口,调查分析该交叉口原配时方案,发现该交叉口存在早、晚高峰现象,且信号配时不优.运用Synchro软件进行交通配时优化,得出信号配时方案,再运用Vissim软件进行仿真,优化后该交叉口各个进口道的平均排队长度和延误时间均降低.将信号管制下交叉口范围内的碳排放作为评价指标进行分析,该交叉口信号配时优化后早、晚高峰碳排放量分别降低21.47%和18.06%.     

Cryptocaryon irritans recombinant proteins as potential antigens for sero‐surveillance of cryptocaryonosis

Cryptocaryonosis is a major problem for mariculture, and the absence of suitable sero‐surveillance tools for the detection of cryptocaryonosis makes it difficult to screen Cryptocaryon irritans‐infected fish, particularly asymptomatic fish. In this study, we proposed a serum‐based assay using selected C. irritans proteins to screen infected and asymptomatic fish. Eight highly expressed genes were chosen from an earlier study on C. irritans expressed sequence tags and ciliate glutamine codons were converted to universal glutamine codons. The chemically synthesized C. irritans genes were then expressed in an Escherichia coli expression host under optimized conditions. Five C. irritans proteins were successfully expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. These proteins were used as antigens in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to screen sera from experimentally immunized fish and naturally infected fish. Sera from both categories of fish reacted equally well with the expressed C. irritans recombinant proteins as well as with sonicated theronts. This study demonstrated the utility of producing ciliate recombinant proteins in a heterologous expression host. An ELISA was successfully developed to diagnose infected and asymptomatic fish using the recombinant proteins as antigens.     

粒径和流速对大肠杆菌在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响

采用室内柱迁移实验,研究了在不同离子强度下多孔介质粒径和孔隙水流速对大肠杆菌在饱和石英砂柱中沉积与释放行为的影响。结果表明,介质粒径和孔隙水流速均能影响大肠杆菌在石英砂中的迁移过程。介质粒径的减小可增强大肠杆菌在多孔介质中的筛滤效应,增加其沉积率和滞留率,减小水化学扰动引起的释放效应,流速的降低有利于提高大肠杆菌的沉积率和滞留率。离子强度的高低可改变粒径和流速对大肠杆菌迁移影响的大小,在较高离子强度条件下,减小介质粒径和孔隙水流速对提高大肠杆菌的沉积率和滞留率的作用增强。由于自然环境的复杂性,今后的研究应注重真实地下水环境中多因素对大肠杆菌迁移行为的复合影响,以便更加准确地掌握大肠杆菌在多孔介质中迁移的规律。     

Uncertain and multi-objective programming models for crop planting structure optimization

Crop planting structure optimization is a significant way to increase agricultural economic benefits and improve agricultural water management. The complexities of fluctuating stream conditions, varying economic profits, and uncertainties and errors in estimated modeling parameters, as well as the complexities among economic, social, natural resources and environmental aspects, have led to the necessity of developing optimization models for crop planting structure which consider uncertainty and multi-objectives elements. In this study, three single-objective programming models under uncertainty for crop planting structure optimization were developed, including an interval linear programming model, an inexact fuzzy chance-constrained programming (IFCCP) model and an inexact fuzzy linear programming (IFLP) model. Each of the three models takes grayness into account. Moreover, the IFCCP model considers fuzzy uncertainty of parameters/variables and stochastic characteristics of constraints, while the IFLP model takes into account the fuzzy uncertainty of both constraints and objective functions. To satisfy the sustainable development of crop planting structure planning, a fuzzy-optimization-theory-based fuzzy linear multi-objective programming model was developed, which is capable of reflecting both uncertainties and multi-objective. In addition, a multi-objective fractional programming model for crop structure optimization was also developed to quantitatively express the multi-objective in one optimization model with the numerator representing maximum economic benefits and the denominator representing minimum crop planting area allocation. These models better reflect actual situations, considering the uncertainties and multi-objectives of crop planting structure optimization systems. The five models developed were then applied to a real case study in Minqin County, north-west China. The advantages, the applicable conditions and the solution methods of each model are expounded. Detailed analysis of results of each model and their comparisons demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the models developed, therefore decision makers can choose the appropriate model when making decisions.     

贞芪扶正泡腾片的辅料处方优选的研究

目的 优选贞芪扶正泡腾片的处方。方法 本实验用酒石酸为酸源,NaHCO₃为碱源,崩解时限、口感等为考察指标,单因素试验筛选酸碱比例,通过正交试验筛选酸碱总量、药粉总量以及崩解剂,采用HPLC测定泡腾片中特女贞苷的含量。结果 贞芪扶正泡腾片的最佳处方：药粉15%、酒石酸17.78%、NaHCO₃ 22.22%、PEG6000 11.11%、PVPP 3.5%、α-乳糖30.14%、硬脂酸镁0.25%,以蒸馏水作为润湿剂,用酸碱分开的方式制粒。所得泡腾片口感好、硬度适中、片重差异小、脆碎度、崩解时限以及含量符合规定。结论 该处方合理,制成的泡腾片符合规定。     

菠萝蜜多糖提取工艺优化及初步鉴定

以菠萝蜜果肉为试验原料,在单因素试验基础上,利用三因素三水平的Box-Benhnken中心组合试验和响应曲面法优化液料比、提取时间和提取温度对多糖类物质的提取工艺和建立数学模型,并对制备的多糖进行初步鉴定。结果表明,二次方程模型拟合试验数据效果显著,菠萝蜜多糖提取工艺为:液料比为30∶1,提取时间为2.5 h,提取温度为90℃,验证试验得率为6.18%,多糖初步鉴定结果显示,菠萝蜜精制多糖中总糖含量为31.6%,不含有还原糖、含有微量多酚类物质(含量为0.6%)。     

Responses of gross primary productivity to different sizes of precipitation events in a temperate grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia,China

Changes in the sizes of precipitation events in the context of global climate change may have profound impacts on ecosystem productivity in arid and semiarid grasslands. However, we still have little knowledge about to what extent grassland productivity will respond to an individual precipitation event. In this study, we quantified the duration, the maximum, and the time-integrated amount of the response of daily gross primary productivity(GPP) to an individual precipitation event and their variations with different sizes of precipitation events in a typical temperate steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Results showed that the duration of GPP-response(τR) and the maximum absolute GPP-response(GPPmax) increased linearly with the sizes of precipitation events(Pes), driving a corresponding increase in time-integrated amount of the GPP-response(GPPtotal) because variations of GPPtotal were largely explained by τR and GPPmax. The relative contributions of these two parameters to GPPtotal were strongly Pes-dependent. The GPPmax contributed more to the variations of GPPtotal when Pes was relatively small(20 mm), whereas τR was the main driver to the variations of GPPtotal when Pes was relatively large. In addition, a threshold size of at least 5 mm of precipitation was required to induce a GPP-response for the temperate steppe in this study. Our work has important implications for the modeling community to obtain an advanced understanding of productivity-response of grassland ecosystems to altered precipitation regimes.     

考虑风险价值的不确定性水资源优化配置

保障区域农业用水的可持续发展,对水资源进行优化配置至关重要。由于粮食主产区水资源配置过程中存在许多不确定性因素,在追求最小用水成本时,也存在着较大的风险,因此该文以三江平原涵盖的七台河、佳木斯、双鸭山、鹤岗和鸡西5个重要粮食主产区为研究区域,以区间两阶段随机规划模型为基础,引入风险偏好,构建地表水和地下水优化配置模型。结果表明,双鸭山和鸡西的配水过程中地表水缺水量很大,主要开采利用地下水;佳木斯作为粮食生产面积较大的行政区,需要外来水进行补给;七台河和鹤岗的种植面积较小,综合考虑引水成本和粮食收益,引用较少的外来水来降低成本;最后得出不同来水水平下,各种风险偏好下水资源优化配置的最小成本的变化规律,即在低来水水平下,用水成本从344.2×108~355.4×108元增加到411.5×108~430.7×108元;在高来水水平下,总用水成本从422.5×108~435.3×108元降低到351.7×108~365.3×108元;在中来水水平时,总用水成本则呈现出先增加后减少的规律。该模型兼有区间两阶段和风险价值模型的特点,综合衡量成本和风险,可有效节约用水成本,并能增强水资源系统规避风险的能力,并以佳木斯2014年实际用水为例,计算得到相对误差在15%以内,较为真实地反映水资源优化配置过程中的不确定性和风险性,为提高水资源利用效率和区域水资源规划管理提供依据。     

轴流泵多工况优化设计及效果分析

为了提高轴流泵非设计工况的运行效率,拓宽轴流泵高效区范围,对轴流泵进行多工况优化设计。结合轴流泵段的模型试验,采用数值模拟手段和数值优化技术,改变叶轮的几何设计参数。对轴流泵叶片进行参数化建模,再对轴流泵叶轮结果进行泵段数值模拟。最后以轴流泵段3个流量工况点的加权平均效率最高,扬程为约束条件,改变轴流泵叶轮的设计参数,对轴流泵段进行多工况优化设计。研究结果表明:优化后轴流泵段效率曲线较初始泵段明显变宽,其中小流量工况点效率提高约2.6%,设计工况点效率提高约0.5%,大流量工况点效率提高最多,约7.4%,而对于扬程变化范围较小,各工况点扬程均能满足运行要求,大大降低了运行成本,缩短了优化设计的周期。同时采用CFD计算的学科分析方式,结合试验研究的手段取代人工凭经验的优化方式,证实了轴流泵段多工况优化设计的可靠性、高效性。该研究将为泵站的高效运行和轴流泵的多工况优化设计提供参考。     

五自由度混联机器人优化设计与运动学分析

为提高农业自动化程度,拓宽并联机构在农业工程领域的应用,提出一种存在连续转轴、关节数目少、易于控制的两移一转运动冗余平面并联机构,该并联机构任意位置的转轴均为相互平行的连续转轴,使其具备良好的灵活性。基于此平面并联机构,构造出了多种五自由度混联机器人,首先建立了五自由度混联机器人的运动学模型,并对其进行了奇异分析,给出了减少机构奇异位型的条件;然后基于灵活性指标,对并联机构进行了尺寸优化,绘制了用于选取结构尺寸的性能图谱,且借助有限元软件对基于优化所得结构尺寸绘制的具有运动冗余特性的平面机构进行了结构拓扑优化,,完成了整体结构优化前后的静力学分析与对比,结果显示优化前后整体变形仅增大0.51%,优化前后机构优化部分的质量减少33.02%,满足机构变形要求。该混联机器人具有结构简单、运动学模型简单、结构刚度高和模块化程度高的特点,且其结构的变胞性有助于实现机构运动和驱动冗余模式的切换,增强了机器人的可研究性。该文可为混联机器人运动学分析及优化设计提供参考。