不同播期夏播小豆产量性能动态指标与光温水效应

为探讨光、温、水等气象因子对夏播小豆产量的影响,达到合理利用气象资源、进一步挖掘小豆增产潜力的目的,以中晚熟小豆品种花小豆(V1)和中早熟品系德红5261(V2)为材料,设T1(6月17日)、T2(6月22日)、T3(6月27日)、T4(7月2日)和T5(7月7日)5个播期,形成不同的光、温、水生长环境,对夏播小豆产量...     

基于离散元法的免耕深施肥分段式玉米播种开沟器研制

针对东北垄作深施肥免耕播种机上开沟器播种深度均匀性差、工作阻力大、土壤扰动大的问题,该研究利用离散元软件(EDEM 2.7)仿真分析不同类型破茬刀-施肥铲装置对土壤的作用机理,设计了一种分段式玉米播种开沟器。首先建立土壤-玉米根系-玉米秸秆离散元仿真模型,然后进行不同类型破茬刀-施肥铲装置离散元仿真试验,以回落土壤最大合外力的位置和方向为依据设计开沟器入土部分曲线,同时结合滑切原理设计开沟器未入土部分斜刃,最后根据土壤回落距离确定施肥铲和开沟器间距为374 mm。田间对比试验结果表明,分段式开沟器比尖角式开沟器、滑刀式开沟器、双圆盘式开沟器的播深变异系数分别降低了14.24%、27.31%、33.63%;工作阻力分别降低了27.56%、16.93%、1.23%;土壤扰动面积分别降低了11.67%、28.34%、49.34%。分段式开沟器播种深度均匀性高、工作阻力小、土壤扰动小,具有较优的作业效果。     

不同播期、收获期和储存期对优质长粒籼稻整精米率的影响

整精米率是影响优质长粒籼稻发展的重要因素之一.为明确长江中下游稻区优质长粒籼稻适宜的播期、收获期和储存期,以3个长粒优质常规籼稻为材料,探讨了不同播期(5月10日、5月20日、5月25日、5月30日)、收获期(90％谷粒成熟、完全成熟、完全成熟后6d)、储存期(10 d、40 d、60 d)对水稻整精米率的影响.结果 ...     

强制夹持式玉米精量排种器的设计

新疆玉米种植采用地膜覆盖,膜下滴灌,膜上点播的栽培技术,针对玉米膜上精量点播的技术要求,根据强制夹持原理,提出一种新型的机械强制夹持玉米精量排种的方法,通过对3种玉米种子的物理力学特性进行测定,以及对取种、投种过程进行深入的理论分析,建立数学模型,为排种器的结构设计提供依据.在JPS-12计算机视觉技术排种器试验台上对试制排种器进行台架试验,验证了强制夹持式排种器在对玉米形状为小圆、小扁具有良好的适应性,当工作速度3.5 km/h时,单粒率＞85％,满足玉米精量播种要求.     

Effects of seedbed properties on crop emergence: 3. Effects of firming of seedbeds with various sowing depths and water contents

Abstract

Extensive experiments were carried out in shallow plastic boxes placed directly on the ground in the field to study the effects of seedbed properties on the emergence of various crops in a cool temperate climate. In a group of experiments with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), we studied the effects on crop emergence of firming (slight compaction) of the seedbed, simulating the recompacting effects of rolling after sowing or press wheels on the seed coulters. Most of the experiments were carried out without irrigation after sowing. The firming usually had a slightly positive effect on emergence when the water content in the surface layer at sowing was below the wilting point. When the water content in the surface layer was higher, firming often reduced emergence drastically, particularly with deep sowing and in coarse-textured soils. The main reason for negative effects was harmful hardening of the surface layer when the more firm seedbed gradually dried out. When irrigation kept the seedbed continuously moist, the negative effect of firming was almost eliminated. Very high initial water content in the basal layer tended to delay surface layer drying and hardening, and to reduce the negative effect of firming. Firming only slightly influenced the evaporative water losses from the soil. In contrast to the results presented here, previous field trials with cereals have usually resulted in more positive effects of rolling after sowing. This indicates that other effects than firming, such as modification of sowing depth and reshaping of the soil surface, are other important effects of rolling.     

Ammonium nitrogen in soil solution and seed nitrogen affect the percentage of establishment of rice plants in submerged soil

The effect of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution on the establishment of rice plants was examined. The increase of the concentration decreased the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, although most of seeds sown on submerged soil became established. Therefore, the increase of ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution may impair the establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, which would occur presumably because the increase delays the spear growth and emergence without the decline of soil redox potential. Several seed lots with various nitrogen contents were obtained from rice plants grown under various conditions. The percentage of establishment of low-nitrogen seeds sown in submerged soil was much lower than that of high-nitrogen seeds, especially in soils whose solution contained a large amount of ammonium nitrogen. However, the difference in the percentage of establishment between high- and low-nitrogen seeds sown on submerged soil was much smaller. Therefore, the increase of seed nitrogen content may improve the percentage of establishment of seeds sown in submerged soil, presumably because the increase accelerates the spear growth and emergence. Consequently, for direct sowing in submerged soil, ammonium nitrogen concentration in soil solution should remain low because ammonium nitrogen exerts an adverse effect on seedling establishment, and vigorous seeds with a high nitrogen content should be sown because seed nitrogen exerts a beneficial effect on seedling establishment.     

基于近红外光谱技术的灵芝提取物掺假定量快速无损检测研究

为了探索快速测定灵芝提取物掺假(淀粉)含量的方法,采用近红外光谱扫描掺杂0%、5%、10%、20%、40%、60%、80%淀粉的灵芝提取物,对其光谱进行预处理和波段选择,并结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立灵芝提取物掺假定量快速无损检测方法。结果表明,使用多元散射校正(MSC)预处理方法,波数范围8 000~7 500、6 000~5 500和5 000~4 000cm~(-1),主因子数为8时,建立的偏最小二乘法模型的校正决定系数(R_(cal))、校正均方根差(RMSECV)、验证决定系数(R_(val))和验证均方根差(RMSEP)分别为0.9962、0.0249、0.9960和0.0241。运用该模型对验证集样品进行预测并统计分析,可知预测值与实际掺假值之间无显著差异。本研究为灵芝功能食品市场检测提供了方法基础。     

山东省水稻免耕旱直播试验及可行性分析

为探究水稻免耕旱直播在山东省的适应性,使用2BDMM-8稻麦宽苗带灭茬播种机,在涛雒稻麦轮作两熟区和高青春季稻一熟区分别进行了免耕旱直播试验,以机械育苗插秧为对照,分析免耕旱直播对水稻株高、分蘖情况的影响,对不同种植方式下的水稻产量及产量构成因素、生产成本等进行统计分析。结果表明:水稻免耕旱直播与机械育苗插秧相比,生育期短,生长速度快,株高无显著差异;分蘖率分别为57%和58%,比插秧对照低6.5%和10.4%;产量分别为8 970和10 020 kg/hm2,与插秧对照无显著差异(P0.05),验证了水稻免耕旱直播在山东常规稻种植区基本可行。通过成本比较,免耕旱直播成本比插秧对照分别节约2 472和3 312元/hm2,说明免耕旱直播在山东地区有很好的推广前景。该研究为山东常规稻种植区免耕旱直播提供了参考。     

内窝孔式棉花精量穴播轮的试验

目前,新疆棉花种植广泛采用半精量穴播轮,其原理是勺式取种,存在下种量大、重播率高、下种不均匀、后续工作量大等缺陷,已不适应当前棉花产业发展要求。气吸式精量穴播轮可实现一穴一粒,准确率高,但气吸式棉花穴播机结构复杂、造价高,对机具维护、使用者技能以及整地有较高要求。另外,作业时拖拉机须保持高速运转,能源消耗大,因而限制了气吸式精量穴播轮的普及和推广。为此,将内窝孔取种原理应用于棉花精量取种,介绍了内窝孔式穴播轮的结构和工作过程,并进行了排种试验和分析。由试验得知,内窝孔式取种原理可用于新疆棉花的精量取种。     

水稻种绳捻制机的研制与试验

介绍了一种水稻种绳捻制机,该机主要由排种机构、捻绳机构和卷绳机构3部分组成。它将稻种按照要求的穴距和每穴粒数卷在2cm宽的(无纺布)纸带内,制成种绳,并将种绳卷成盘后待播。直播时,将卷好稻种的种绳盘挂在研制的种绳播放器两侧,将绳的端部固定在地头,然后人工拉动种绳播放器前进,1次完成开沟、放种绳、覆土等作业。试验结果表明,加工种绳的平均穴距为2.5cm,空穴率为1.5%,平均每穴粒数为1.48,种绳绕劲个数为43个/m,基本上达到了设计要求。但卷绳速度为0.8m/s,有待提高。水稻种绳直播技术的突出特点是实现了种绳捻制作业的工厂化和田间播种作业的轻型化。