Use of a foaming disinfectant and cleaner to reduce aerobic bacteria on poultry transport coops

Poultry transportation coops are rarely washed and have been demonstrated to be a point of cross-contamination of broiler carcasses. Foaming disinfectants and cleaners, commonly used within processing plants, may be used to clean and disinfect poultry transportation coops. In this study, homogenized fecal material was evenly applied to the floors of precleaned broiler transportation coops and allowed to dry. Treatments consisted of a water rinse, a foam additive alone, foaming cleaner, and a disinfectant plus a foam additive. All foaming treatments were applied using a compressed air foam system (2,271 L/min; 600 gal/min), similar to what firefighters would use. A high-pressure water rinse (HPWR) was added prior to or following the treatments to determine whether rinsing prior to product application or rinsing after product application would improve efficacy. Based on our data, a compressed air foam system may be used in combination with a commercially available disinfectant or foam cleaner to reduce aerobic bacteria on the surfaces of commercial broiler transportation coops. Furthermore, the addition of a HPWR did not further reduce the level of aerobic bacteria on broiler transportation coop floors.     

肉牛场生命周期估计及环境影响评价

试验采用生命周期估计(life cycle assessment,LCA)方法对江西高安某存栏1 800头的肉牛育肥场在整个育肥期间(7个月)的污染物排放量,以及污染物在全球变暖、环境酸化、富营养化、光化学臭氧合成方面对环境的影响进行了评估。系统边界包括化肥生产、农作物种植、饲料运输、肉牛生产和粪便处理。结果表明:温室气体排放量为(以CO2当量计)为11 908t,环境酸化气体排放量(以SO2当量计)为84.6t,富营养化气体排放量为(以PO43-当量计)为14.4t,光化学臭氧合成问题气体排放量为(以C2H4当量计)为1.68t。其中饲料运输主要影响全球变暖(占总排放量的49.8%)和光化学臭氧合成问题(占总排放量的54.1%),而粪便处理主要影响环境酸化(占总排放量的70.1%)和富营养化(占总排放量的76.4%),肉牛生产对环境的影响主要是全球变暖(占总排放量的18.1%)和光化学臭氧合成问题(占总排放量的30.9%)。因此,可考虑通过降低运输距离,改善饲料配方、粪便处理方式等降低污染物排放量。     

臭氧气浮漂洗对鲢鱼糜挥发性成分的影响

为探究臭氧气浮漂洗对鲢鱼糜的除腥效果,以鲢鱼糜为试验材料,采用电子鼻结合顶空-固相微萃取-气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)检测分析传统漂洗和臭氧气浮漂洗后鲢鱼糜的挥发性成分,寻找其腥味来源。结果显示:鲢鱼糜中共检测到24种挥发性物质。与传统漂洗鱼糜相比,经过臭氧气浮漂洗后,鱼糜中挥发性成分减少,己醛、庚醛、壬醛、癸醛、1-辛烯-3-醇等对鱼腥味贡献较大物质的相对含量皆有所降低,而1-甲基-4-硝甲基-哌啶和5-甲基-2-苯基-吲哚等其他化合物并未被检测出。电子鼻的PCA分析结果与HS-SPME-GC-MS检测结果相一致。结果表明,使用臭氧气浮漂洗鱼糜相比传统漂洗可有效减轻鱼糜腥味,漂洗时间应控制在10～15 min。     

中国对虾育苗中几项新的技术措施

本文针对目前中国对虾苗种生产中幼体病害日益严重的问题，提出了采用卵子消毒和生态防病作为预防疾病的重要手段，并介绍了几种消毒剂用于对虾幼体不同时期的安全浓度，为对虾育苗生产中防治病害提供了几项新的技术措施。     

3DJY-45型多功能烟苗剪叶机的设计

 为满足烟草穴盘漂浮育苗工厂化、机械化的需要,达到降低烟农劳动强度,提高劳动效率,适时对漂浮育苗科学管理的目的,设计了一种多功能烟苗剪叶机。该机具以1台单相异步电动机和3台步进电机为动力源,可一次完成剪叶、喷药消毒、行走和自动换行等多项作业;采用独特结构形式的钣金剪叶罩及刀具,使剪叶区形成合理的负压,实现可靠剪叶和碎叶回收。通过程控的3台步进电机实现横向的连续剪叶和纵向换行,实现剪叶过程的自动化。该机具可以达到平稳剪叶、剪叶高度可控可调以及效率高的目标,同时具有结构合理紧凑、池间转移方便、操作简单等优点。     

应用于冷水鱼养殖的臭氧-氨氮反应塔设计及试验

为了处理冷水鱼养殖过程中养殖水体内积累的氨氮,基于气泡流体力学原理,根据臭氧气泡在水体中的运动、溶解扩散和大小变化方程,设计了一种双层逆流臭氧反应塔,并在工厂化养殖试验系统中进行了臭氧氧化氨氮效果试验和养殖水体臭氧残留浓度监测试验。结果表明,利用该反应塔进行臭氧催化氧化氨氮,可以去除养殖水体中54%的氨氮,处理效果较好;对养殖水体臭氧浓度监测表明,臭氧在水中的残留浓度低于0.01 mg/L,符合养殖鱼类对水体臭氧浓度的安全要求。通过设计、研制和试验,证明双层逆流臭氧氧化反应塔结构合理、氧化反应充分,达到了设计高效臭氧氧化氨氮设备的目的。     

Effects of in vitro exposure to ozone and/or hyperoxia on superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and lipid peroxidation in red blood cells and plasma of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

In aquaculture, ozone is used as a disinfectant. In its production, extensive amounts of oxygen are formed resulting in hyperoxic conditions in culture units. Both ozone and hyperoxia have the potential to be toxic via pro‐oxidant mechanisms and to activate antioxidant defence systems in cultured species. To eliminate systemic effects, blood of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), was exposed in vitro for 5 min to ozone/hyperoxia or hyperoxia, and changes in antioxidant defences and lipid peroxidation were measured after exposure. Ozone exposure caused severe damage in red blood cells (rbc) detected as increased lipid peroxidation and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels in both plasma and rbc. Oxygen exposure alone increased intracellular lipid peroxidation and GSSG levels 10 min after exposure and was not evident in the plasma at any time. Ozone, but not oxygen exposure, decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in plasma, and the changes were negatively correlated with increased lipid peroxidation in rbc, indicating that extracellular GSH has a dynamic role in the protection of rbc from direct oxidation by ozone. Both ozone and hyperoxic conditions increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in rbc 3 and 6 h after exposure. In contrast, catalase activity was only increased 10 min after oxygen exposure, suggesting other catalase activation mechanisms rather than enzyme induction. The recovery of lipid peroxidation and GSSG levels in rbc after hyperoxia, but not ozone exposure, indicated a capacity to defend against hyperoxia‐produced oxidative damage, but an overwhelming of antioxidant defences by ozone in rainbow trout rbc in vitro.     

紫外辐射技术及其在水产养殖上的应用

紫外线消毒技术在国内外经过20多年的发展,已经成为一种成熟可靠的绿色环保技术,在各类污水的消毒处理中得到广泛应用。本文介绍了紫外消毒技术的工作原理,技术特点和影响紫外线消毒效率的各种因素,并着重概述了该技术在水产养殖方面的应用现状、存在问题和发展前景。     

白木香2种外植体的组织培养

沉香是国际上极负盛名的药用和香料资源之一。在亚洲许多国家,沉香产业既是传统行业也是发展迅猛的新兴产业。沉香优良种质的大规模应用对沉香产业的可持续发展具有重大意义。因此优良沉香种质资源是近年沉香产业关注的重点和热点,但一些优良种质的品质特性无法通过有性繁殖遗传,大规模繁育存在技术障碍。植物组织培养技术在品种优良性状保持、种子资源保存、快速繁殖等方面具有非常突出的优越性,被广泛应用于中药资源保护和中药产业发展。为建立工业化生产的沉香广谱再生体系,本文以白木香无菌苗和成龄植株的枝条为材料从外植体消毒、丛生芽诱导和生根培养三方面进行组织培养研究。结果表明,通过0.1%多菌灵溶液浸泡3 min,流动水冲洗3 h处理,对采摘自大田的白木香枝条有较好的除菌效果。0.1%升汞溶液消毒6~8 min,可有效保持外植体的成活率。在培养基中适当添加灭菌剂也能有效控制材料染菌。无菌苗茎段丛生芽诱导较易,大田枝条的丛生芽诱导较难。WPM + 20 g/L蔗糖+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA (G₄)有利于无菌苗的丛生芽诱导;1/2 MS+25 g蔗糖+2 mg/L 6-BA+0.01 mg/L NAA (I₃),1/4 MS+20 g/L蔗糖+ 2 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA (J₂)和WPM+20 g蔗糖+1 mg/L 6-BA+0.01 mg/L NAA (K₂)有利于成龄植株枝条外植体的丛生芽诱导,将膨大的丛生芽团切割后转接于不含植物生长调节剂的WPM培养基中可促进丛生芽伸长。WPM培养基中添加10~20 g/L蔗糖,并加入0.1~0.5 mg/L NAA可诱导无菌苗和茎段外植体的新芽生根。本研究以沉香2种外植体进行组织培养,成功获得再生植株,为沉香优良种质的无性繁殖提供技术参考。     

臭氧对‘鸭梨’等3种梨果保鲜效果的影响

以‘鸭梨’、‘雪花梨’和‘黄冠梨’为试材,研究了不同浓度的臭氧对梨果品质的影响.结果表明,臭氧处理使‘鸭梨’和‘雪花梨’贮藏期变短,臭氧浓度越大,‘鸭梨’硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量下降得越快,果面软化现象发生得越早;臭氧处理延缓了‘雪花梨’可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量的下降,但使其果点变黑,浓度越大,发生时间越早.臭氧处理延缓了‘黄冠梨’硬度、可溶性固形物及可滴定酸含量的下降,降低了鸡爪病、黑心病的发病率及烂果率,60 mg/m3臭氧处理的‘黄冠梨’贮藏保鲜效果最佳.