Can water disinfection prevent the transmission of infectious koi herpesvirus to naïve carp? – a case report

Hygienic measures such as disinfection are important tools for the maintenance of fish health in aquaculture. While little information is available on the disinfection of water intended for fish containment, Huwa‐San^®, a disinfectant used in food and water industries, was used for daily treatment at concentrations of approximately 60 ppm over a total period of 3 months (experiment 1) with a 3‐week treatment‐free interval after 2 months (experiment 2). During this period, koi herpesvirus (KHV) was added to the water of two aquaria, one used as a normal contact control, the other one receiving daily water disinfectant treatments that prevented KHV infection of carp. In the second experiment, Huwa‐San^® treatment was interrupted and KHV infection was prevalent. However, when naïve fish were introduced to the same aquarium after re‐application of disinfectant, KHV could not be detected in those naïve fish. Whilst KHV could not be detected in samples where disinfectant had been applied, it was present in samples of naïve fish cohabiting with infection contact control animals which had undergone no disinfectant treatment over experiments 1 and 2. The results presented here show that water treatment with a disinfectant may prevent transmission of infectious KHV to naïve carp cohabited with infected carp.     

Encapsulation capacity of Artemia nauplii with customized probiotics for use in the cultivation of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896)

The encapsulation capacity of Artemia nauplii with customized probiotics Pseudomonas synxantha and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for use in the cultivation of western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus) was investigated. Seven trials were conducted to investigate this encapsulation capacity in terms of Artemia survival and probiotic load in Artemia. Newly hatched Artemia nauplii at 250 nauplii mL^?1 were fed individual probiotics at 0, 10³, 10⁵ and 10⁷ colony‐forming units (CFU) per millilitre, and mixtures of these two probiotics (10⁵ CFU mL^?1) at 30:70, 50:50 or 70:30 v/v in a medium of ozonated water (OW), tryptone soya broth (TSB), and a mixture of these media. The appropriate medium for encapsulation of probiotics by Artemia nauplii was the mixture of OW and TSB at 75:25 v/v; whereas, the use of OW or TSB alone was not effective. Artemia nauplii most effectively encapsulated the customized probiotics at 10⁵ CFU mL^?1. The results indicates that the encapsulation of Artemia nauplii is optimized by using a combination of P. synxantha and P. aeruginosa at 50:50 v/v in a media mixture of OW and TSB at 75: 25 v/v. Artemia should be harvested at 48 h when survival is still high (78%) and the probiotic load in Artemia is high (3 × 10⁴ CFU nauplius^?1).     

Effect of disinfection with peracetic acid on the microbial community of a seawater aquaculture recirculation system for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

When tropical shrimps are kept in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), one of the limiting factors is the maintenance of a sufficient water quality, and therefore, often disinfectants like peracetic acid (PAA) are added to the water either as prophylactic or treatment measure. In this study, PAA in concentrations of 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L was applied continuously for 56 days to small-scale seawater RAS stocked with Litopenaeus vannamei. Treatment with 0.1 mg/L did not result in a reduction in the total bacterial amount and therefore was not effective. A concentration of 10 mg/L led to significant changes in the chemical water parameters already after 2 days and was therefore not recommendable. A concentration of 1 mg/L led to increased levels of ammonia and nitrite within 2 days and to a significant increase in the bacterial amount in the water, most probably due to an enhanced growth of heterotrophic bacteria. The microflora showed significant fluctuations, and there were indications that the welfare of the shrimps was affected. Using 1 mg PAA/L for prophylactic use is therefore also not recommendable but might be an alternative option for short-term treatment in cases of disease outbreaks.     

Disinfection of almaco jack (Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes) eggs: Evaluation of three chemicals

Almaco jack (Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes) is an excellent candidate for aquaculture due to its fast growth rate and high market value. While S. rivoliana have adapted well to captivity, survival at early life stages can be improved to increase profitability during production. A wide range of variables cause larval mortalities but high bacterial loads in rearing tanks are often correlated with these losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of egg disinfection on bacterial load and hatch rate of S. rivoliana. Disinfectants tested included formalin (F100 and F200; 100 and 200 mg/L, respectively, for 60 min), hydrogen peroxide (HPO; 300 mg/L for 10 min) and peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide (PAA/HPO; 15.7 mg/L/39.6 mg/L for 1 min). Concentrations and contact times were determined based on current use in marine aquaculture and preliminary trials. Eggs treated with HPO and F100 had significantly higher hatch rates than the untreated control group. All treatments significantly decreased total Vibrio counts compared to untreated eggs; however, total bacterial counts were only decreased following treatments with PAA/HPO and F200. To prevent egg mortality due to bacterial overgrowth, consideration should be given to the use of surface disinfection using HPO or F100. Future studies should investigate the use of peracetic‐based products at lower doses.     

近地层臭氧浓度升高对常规稻颖花形成的影响：FACE研究

FACE(free air gas concentration enrichment)研究使用标准的作物管理技术,在完全开放的大田条件下运行,代表了目前人类对未来大气环境的最好模拟。利用独特的大型稻田FACE平台,以典型的常规水稻品种武粳15(粳稻)和扬稻6号(籼稻)为供试材料,研究近地层臭氧(O3)浓度升高(比大气背景臭氧浓度平均增高26%)对常规水稻颖花形成的影响。结果表明:(1)高浓度O3对供试品种全穗以及一、二次枝梗颖化分化数均无显著影响;(2)高浓度O3使供试品种全穗和二次枝梗颖花退化数和退化率均显著增加,颖花退化增多是由于现存一次枝梗上二次枝梗大量退化而引起的二次颖花退化所造成;(3)颖花退化数在颖花分化数中所占比例很低,故高浓度O3对两供试品种全穗和一、二次枝梗颖花现存数以及稻穗构成均无显著影响。结合前报可知,选用常规水稻品种以及增施保花肥可能是未来近地层高浓度O3环境下稻作生产重要的适应措施。     

不同浓度臭氧熏蒸处理对树莓贮藏保鲜效果的影响

以树莓果实为试材,采用不同质量浓度(0、6.42、12.84、19.26 mg/m³)臭氧熏蒸处理1 h后在(0±0.5)℃的条件下贮藏16 d,探究不同质量浓度的臭氧熏蒸处理对树莓贮藏品质的影响。结果表明：与未处理的对照相比,臭氧处理可使树莓果实保持良好的感官品质,抑制腐烂,延缓果实硬度的下降,保持较高的可溶性固形物含量,提高果实亮度L^*值和a^*值,抑制丙二醛含量的上升。此外,较低质量浓度的臭氧处理有利于维持树莓果实中的总酚含量,其中以6.42 mg/m³臭氧熏蒸处理的保鲜效果最好。     

臭氧对循环水系统中悬浮颗粒物净化效果及机理研究

为了研究臭氧对循环水养殖系统中悬浮颗粒物的净化效果,探讨臭氧对悬浮颗粒物的影响机理,在养殖水体投加不同量的臭氧进行实验室小规模模拟实验,对水体的TSS、浊度等指标进行检测,并对悬浮颗粒物进行粒度分析。结果表明投加臭氧有助于降低水体浊度,投加7.53mg/L臭氧可将浊度为(5.22±0.55)NTU的原水降低浊度12.47%,投加15.05mg/L和22.58mg/L 臭氧则可提高到25.31%和30.20%。投加臭氧将影响悬浮颗粒物的物理特性,在投加22.58mg/L臭氧时对颗粒物助凝效果显著,将悬浮颗粒物粒径大多分布在48-68um范围的原水转变成99.22%数量的颗粒物粒径>64um,有利于后续物理过滤处理。本研究明确了臭氧对悬浮颗粒物的净化效果是通过氧化有机物产生络合沉淀和胶体絮凝物等改变颗粒物的粒径大小分布的途径来实际的,为臭氧在循环水养殖系统中的应用提供理论支撑。     

基质不同处理方式对草莓生长及产量品质的影响

分析测定了不同方式处理的基质与新旧基质间理化性质变化差异,比较了基质不同处理方式对立体基质栽培条件下草莓植株长势、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,淋洗+太阳热高温+杀菌药剂+适量补肥的基质处理方式,能使栽后基质的重要理化指标回归合理范围,其草莓生长、产量和品质表现与新基质相近,实现了栽培基质的重复利用。     

营养液中的臭氧对番茄根系生理指标的影响

在对循环营养液进行灭菌时,臭氧表现出较好的杀灭效果。为了探明臭氧在对营养液杀菌的同时是否会对植物根系产生伤害,试验以温室中基质栽培的番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)为研究对象,比较了3种不同浓度(0、2.0、4.0 mg/L)臭氧营养液浇灌对番茄幼苗期、开花期和结果期根系生理指标丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果显示,2 mg/L的臭氧营养液使番茄幼苗期根系SOD活性较对照下降,开花期CAT活性和结果期SOD活性较对照均上升,结果期根系MDA含量较对照显著升高;4 mg/L的臭氧营养液较2 mg/L处理的MDA含量显著降低,表明2 mg/L处理有助于番茄根系抵抗臭氧胁迫的伤害;4 mg/L处理会使结果期番茄根系膜脂过氧化系统遭到破坏,打破了番茄自身可以承受的调控范围。因此,4 mg/L的臭氧营养液对结果期番茄的生长产生了不利影响。试验条件下,营养液中的臭氧安全浓度在2~4 mg/L。     

脱水蔬菜粉射频杀菌研究

近年来,低水分活度食品包括果蔬粉等的安全性开始受到人们的广泛关注。虽然微生物在低水分活度食品中无法生长,但是可以存活很长一段时间,且一旦条件适宜将会引发严重的食品安全问题。因此,急需建立适宜的方法对低水分活度食品进行杀菌以提高其安全性。以椰菜粉为原料,用功率为6 kW,频率为27.12 MHz的射频设备进行杀菌,研究其在射频过程中的加热模式和温度分布,发现样品内部和中心的温度明显高于表面温度,这可以通过加热过程中样品的翻转来改善。并研究了射频处理不同阶段椰菜粉的微生物失活及颜色改变情况,结果表明经射频处理5 min后微生物失活显著,且颜色基本不变。射频处理后的冷激（-18℃,48 h）可将微生物从3.0 log CFU/g降低到低于1.0 log CFU/g。射频与冷激相结合是一种很有前景的低水分活度食品杀菌技术,且具有最大限度保持食品原有品质的优点。